Imperative Role of Automation and Wireless Technologies in Aquaponics Farming

Table 3

Technical specifications of wireless communication IoT protocols.

Attributes	Zigbee	6LoWPAN	LoRa	Sigfox	NB-IoT
Frequency	868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz	868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz	915 MHz, 868 MHz, and 433 MHz	868/915 MHz	Licensed LTE bands
Modulation	Binary phase shift keying and quadrature phase shift keying	NA	Chirp spread Spectrum	Binary phase shift keying	Quadrature phase shift keying
Topology	Peer-to-peer, mesh, star, and tree	Mesh, star	Star of stars	Star	NA
Network	Personal area network	Personal area network	Low power wide area network	Low power wide area network	Low power wide area network
Standard	802.15.4	802.15.4	802.15.4 g	802.15.4 g	NA
Range of data transmission	10-50 meters	10-50 meters	5 km-20 km	10 km-40 km	1 km-10 km
Bitrate	20-250 kb/s	250 kb/s	50 kb/s	200 bp/s	200 kb/s