Review Article

Blockchain Technology on Smart Grid, Energy Trading, and Big Data: Security Issues, Challenges, and Recommendations

Table 5

Summary of blockchain-based solutions in smart grid.

RefYearPublicationCountrySourcesMethods/FieldsFinding

[15]2017JUSAIEEETransactive energy applicationsUsing a blockchain-based AMI to allow stable and quick energy exchange between DERs
[120]2018JRomaniaMDPIDecentralized demand response program managementA distributed ledger with blockchain technology for storing SM data (also known as energy transactions) and balancing energy demand and supply
[121]2019JNorwayIEEETraceable and transparent energy usageIn the SG, a permissioned blockchain ensures anonymity and energy protection (traceable and open energy usage).
[122]2019JChinaMDPIEnergy demand and supply informationFor energy service providers, a blockchain-based privacy-preserving energy scheduling model
[123]2017JChinaIEEEPeer-to-peer energy tradingA consortium-based energy blockchain
[124]2020JAustraliaIEEEPeer-to-peer energy tradingNext-generation energy management technique with reducing peak demand
[125]2018JChinaSpringerSmart grid power tradingA consortium that uses blockchain technology to make energy trading more effective, scalable, and secure
[126]2019CCanadaIEEEEnergy trading in V2G setupA hierarchical authentication scheme based on the blockchain for privacy-preserving and transferring the energy from V2G and awarding EVs
[127]2019JUSAIEEECrowdsourced energy system, P2P energy trading, and energy marketA crowdsourced energy infrastructure and energy sharing model aided by blockchain technology
[128]2019JSingaporeScience DirectInterconnected cyberphysical systems (CPSs)ICS-BlockOpS is a blockchain-based industrial control system architecture that ensures organizational data immutability, consistency, and redundancy.
[129]2018JChinaIEEESmart grid monitoringBlockchain is being used to map smart grids between power utilities and consumers for data transparency.
[130]2019JIEEEIndustrial CPSA completely decentralized, blockchain-oriented architecture for a more stable and efficient industrial CPS infrastructure while still addressing the existing shortcomings of cloud-based systems
[131]2018JChinaIEEEElectric vehicle (EV) charging services in smart communityA stable electric vehicle charging system using a blockchain-based approach combined with contract theory, including an efficient scheduling algorithm and innovative energy allocation in the Internet of Things
[132]2019CUSAIEEEESU charging coordination in smart gridA decentralized, open, and privacy-preserving synchronize charging platform for ESUs like EVs and batteries built on blockchain technology
[133]2018JChinaIEEEIoE for EVs and their charging pile managementLNSC, a decentralized security model based on blockchain, has been developed to improve the protection of transactions between EV and charging stations.
[134]2018JAustriaSpringerEVs charging managementTo find the best charging station, energy costing and distance to the EVs were used in a blockchain-assisted automated and privacy-preserving protocol.
[135]2017CUSAIEEEMicrogrid optimization and controlTo solve market price coercion and privacy leakage issues by microgrid aggregators or operators, a decentralized microgrid operating architecture is built on blockchain and the alternating path system of multipliers (ADMM).
[136]2018CDenmarkIEEEVoltage control in microgridA blockchain-based commensurate management system to reward DERs for their contributions to microgrid voltage regulation
[137]2019JIEEEGrid operation services for TESA distributed voltage control algorithm for transactive energy systems (TESs) based on blockchains
[138]2017JChinaMDPIElectricity transactions in microgridA decentralized microgrid energy transaction mode based on blockchain and continuous double auction (CDA) to provide autonomous transactions between distributed generations (DGs) and consumers
[139]2017CUSAIEEEResilient networked microgridsA decentralized transactive microgrid model
[140]2020CUSAIEEEUtilize cognitive methods and tiered blockchain architectureScalable blockchain distributed adaptive protection and network architecture with data exchange security
[141]2020CIndiaIEEEChallenges of blockchain technology for rural electrificationMake revenue as per budget using blockchain peer-to-peer trading; smart metering continues accuracy and transparency of energy transactions.
[142]2020JAlgeriaElsevierFog-based SCADA systems for cyber securityThe security vulnerability and requirement solution system are classified, i.e., authentication solution, intrusion detection and management systems, and privacy-preserving solutions.
[143]2021JChinaHindawiAuthentication and authorization protocolBlockchain-based power system protocol integrates resource authorization and immutable ledger characteristics and identifies decentralized authentication in smart grid systems.
[144]2021JChinaIEEEPeer-to-peer energy tradingFive-layer design of local energy market based on blockchain