Evaluation of Behavior of 13X Zeolite Modified with Transition Metals for Catalytic Applications

Table 4

Characteristics of bio-oils obtained without catalyst and by using 13X zeolite and Fe-Cu/13X zeolite catalysts.

Characteristics	Bio-oil			Commercial crude oil [54]
	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3	Light crude oil	Heavy crude oil
Ultimate analysis
C	55.62	68.79	75.42	86.42	88.26
H	768	7.27	7.85	13.35	9.47
N	0.71	0.67	0.61	0.0	0.35
S	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.16	1.55
O^a	31.98	23.22	16.06	0.07	0.37
H/C molar ratio	1.65	1.27	1.25	1.85	1.29
O/C molar ratio	0.43	0.25	0.16	0.0006	0.003
Viscosity at 50°C (mm^2/s)	51.26	47.75	45.17	2.00	50.14
pH	5.42	6.05	6.25	0.0	0.0
Density (g/mL)	1.07	1.02	0.97	0.82–0.86	0.83–0.95
GCV^b (MJ/kg)	23.65	28.46	33.85	46.0	40.3

Note: Sample 1, the bio-oil obtained without catalyst; Sample 2, the bio-oil obtained using 13X zeolite as catalyst; Sample 3, the bio-oil obtaining using Fe-Cu/13X zeolite as catalyst; a, calculated from difference; b, gross calorific value.