Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Cancer: Novel Targeted Therapies

Table 1

IGF-1 transgenic mice with tissue-specific IGF-1 overexpression.

Organs	IGF-1 action	Promoter	Reference
Brain	Increased brain size, characterized by increased neuron number.	M IGF-2 5′ flanking region	[35, 36, 181, 182]
Bone	Increased trabecular bone.	Bovine osteocalcin	[37]
Heart	Increased myocyte proliferation.	r α myosin heavy chain	[38]
Muscle: skeletal	Stimulates differentiation and myofibril hypertrophy.	Avian skeletal α actin	[39]
Muscle: smooth	Smooth muscle hyperplasia in many flanking fragments organs/tissues.; Increased vascular contractility.; Enhanced neointimal formation after injury.	r smooth muscle α actin (mSMA)	[183–185]
Ovary	Increased testosterone and cyst.	m LH receptor	[186]
Prostate	Epithelial neoplasia.	Bovine keratin-5	[187]
Thyroid	When the IGF-1R is also overexpressed, there is a decreased TSH requirement and goiter.	Bovine thyroglobulin	[188]