Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants of Rural and Peri-Urban Areas of Multan, Pakistan

Table 4

Association of sociodemographic factors with the prevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants of district Multan, Pakistan.

Demographic characters	Prevalence (n/T) (95% CI)	Chi-square (χ^2)	value	OR	OR (95% CI)
					Lower limit	Upper limit
Age
Overall
≤3 years	5.18 (10/193) (2.65, 9.15)	2.205	0.138	0.554	0.238	1.122
>3 years	9.04 (18/199) (5.59, 13.91)
Sheep
≤3	3.70 (3/81) (1.01, 10.08)	3.047	0.081	0.344	0.073	1.145
>3 years	10.43 (12/115) (5.78, 17.16)
Goat
≤3	6.25 (7/112) (2.82, 12.21)	0.062	0.804	0.864	0.271	2.85
>3 years	7.14 (6/84) (2.19, 14.53)
Gender
Overall
Female	6.56 (24/366) (4.25, 9.60)	2.852	0.091	0.377	0.130	1.407
Male	15.38 (4/26) (5.43, 34.09)
Sheep
Female	6.67 (12/180) (3.69, 11.21)	3.036	0.081	0.303	0.081	1.53
Male	18.75 (3/16) (5.31, 43.44)
Goat
Female	6.45 (12/186) (3.57, 10.85)		N/A
Male	10.00 (1/10) (0.51, 44.45)
Breed
Sheep
Thali	4.88 (4/82) (1.67, 11.79)		N/A
Kajli	0.00 (0/6)
Desi	0.00 (0/3)
Kachi	0.00 (0/1)
Lohi	4.76 (2/42) (0.85, 15.92)
Non-descript	5.00 (4/80) (1.72, 12.08)
Goat
Beetal	6.94 (5/72) (2.77, 14.92)	0.613	0.736
Nachhi	9.37 (3/32) (2.60, 24.31)
Non-descript	5.43 (5/92) (2.16, 12.13)
Body condition score
Overall
Poor	11.76 (14/119) (6.85, 18.68)	9.751	0.00
Medium	9.01 (10/111) (4.61, 15.93)
Good	2.47 (4/162) (0.85, 5.96)
Sheep
Poor	15.69 (8/51) (7.12, 28.07)	7.038	0.030
Medium	6.67 (5/75) (2.66, 14.51)
Good	2.86 (2/70) (0.51, 9.52)
Goat
Poor	8.82 (6/68) (3.91, 17.96)	6.541	0.038
Medium	13.89 (5/36) (5.63, 28.68)
Good	2.17 (2/92) (0.38, 7.24)
Parity
Overall
≤2	5.55 (9/162) (2.80, 10.26)	0.557	0.757
>2 but ≤4	6.98 (9/129) (3.54, 12.55)
>4	8.00 (6/75) (3.53, 16.28)
Sheep
≤2	6.67 (4/60) (2.31, 16.14)	0.240	0.887
>2 but ≤4	7.69 (5/65) (3.07, 16.51)
>4	5.45 (3/55) (1.50, 14.88)
Goat
≤2	4.90 (5/102) (1.95, 10.93)	2.832	0.243
>2 but ≤4	6.25 (4/64) (2.16, 15.13)
>4	15.00 (3/20) (4.21, 36.94)
Pregnancy
Overall
Yes	8.33 (5/60) (3.33, 17.88)	0.369	0.543	1.401	0.440	3.690
No	6.21 (19/306) (3.80, 9.52)
Sheep
Yes	10.00 (2/20) (1.8, 31.61)	0.402	0.526	1.75	0.231	7.511
No	6.25 (10/160) (3.20, 11.04)
Goat
Yes	7.50 (3/40) (2.07, 19.41)	0.093	0.761	1.271	0.258	4.612
No	6.16 (9/146) (3.12, 11.12)
Flock size
Overall
Up to 20 animals	6.52 (6/92) (2.87, 13.27)	0.147	0.929
From 21 to 50	7.81 (10/128) (4.00, 13.81)
More than 50 animals	6.98 (12/172) (3.86, 11.73)
Sheep
Up to 20 animals	9.38 (3/32) (2.60, 24.31)	0.376	0.829
From 21 to 50	8.62 (5/58) (3.45, 18.51)
More than 50 animals	6.60 (7/106) (2.99, 12.90)
Goat
Up to 20 animals	5.00 (3/60) (1.37, 13.63)	0.382	0.826
From 21 to 50	7.14 (5/70) (2.85, 15.31)
More than 50 animals	7.57 (5/66) (3.02, 16.25)
Housing conditions
Good	3.27 (7/214) (1.48, 6.59)	10.652	0.001	3.885	1.675	10.20
Poor	11.80 (21/178) (7.67, 17.26)
Farming system
Small ruminants only	4.17 (8/192) (1.84, 7.88)	5.026	0.025	0.397	0.159	0.898
Mixed farming	10.00 (20/200) (6.31, 14.85)