Types of pharmacological activities Types of active extract or compounds Types of experiments Testing subjects Administration route Description of the effects Reference Antiviral activities Ethanol extract Resveratrol, (+)-catechin Emodin 8-O-β -D-glucopyranoside In vitro C8166 lymphocytes Inhibit HIV-1-induced syncytium formation [15 ] Water and ethanol extract In vitro HepG2 2.2.15 cells Inhibit the production of HBV Increase the expression of HBsAg Inhibit the expression of HBeAg [16 ]
Antimicrobial effects Hu zhang fraction F1 In vitro Streptococcus mutans Enhance fluoride activity against S.mutans virulence Inhibit F-ATPase activity and acid production of S.mutans in biofilms [18 ] Ethanol extract Emodin In vitro RAW 264.7 Hela cells Protect RAW 264.7 and Hela cells from V. vulnificus -induced cytotoxicity Inhibit V. vulnificus growth and survival in seawater and heart infusion broth [20 ] In vivo CD-1 mice Intraperitoneal route Protect 8-week-old CD-1 mice infected with V. vulnificus
Anti-inflammatory effects Ethyl acetate extract In vivo Sprague-Dawley rats Orally administered Suppress serotonin-induced swelling Suppress FCA-induced joint swelling Inhibit positive responses of c-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor [29 ] Polydatin In vivo Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Intraperitoneal route Upregulate CCSP to inhibit PLA2 [30 ] In vitro BEAS-2B cells Promote the expression of CCSP in normal and LPS-stimulated cells Polydatin In vivo Male ICR mice Orally administered Suppress levels of MDA, TNF-
, IL-1β , COX-2, iNOS, and NFκ B Enhance levels of SOD, GSH, GST, CAT, GPx, and TGF-
[31 ] Hu zhang extract In vitro Mononuclear cells Decrease levels of TNF-
, IL-6, intranuclear NFκ B binding, JNK-1, PTP-1B, and ROS generation [32 ]
Anti-inflammatory effects Emodin In vitro RAW 264.7 macrophages Inhibit the expression of iNOS, TNF-
, interleukin 10, IKK-alpha, IKK-gamma, and the nuclear translocation of NFκ B [33 ] Citreorosein In vitro Mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells Inhibit COX-2-dependent prostaglandin D2 generation and COX-2 expression through inhibition of the Akt and JNK pathways [34 ] Ethanolic extract of resveratrol In vivo Female Swiss Webster mice Injectd in the inner and outer ear surfaces Inhibit the development of edema and leukocyte infiltration [35 ] Resveratrol In vivo Female ICR mice Topically to the dorsal shaven area Inhibit TPA-induced COX-2 expression via modulation of the IKK-NFκ B signaling cascade in mouse skin [36 ]
Neuroprotective activities Polydatin In vivo Male Sprague–Dawley rats Sublingual vena injection Reduce the volume of cerebral infraction Improve rat neurological deficits Protect the brain from injury by inhibiting the expression ICAM-1,VCAM-1, L-selectin, and E-selectin [40 ] Polydatin In vivo Male Sprague-Dawley rats Orally administered Attenuate cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats Decrease the production of MDA Increase the activities of SOD and CAT [41 ] In vitro Rat’s primary cortical neurons Alleviate the injuries of primary cortical neurons induced by OGD Emodin 8-O-β -D-glucopyranoside In vivo Male Wistar rats Tail vein injection Reduce the neurological deficit score and the cerebral infraction area Decrease MDA level in the brain Increase SOD activity [42 ] In vitro Primary cortical cells Decrease LDH release Increase mitochondrial activity
Neuroprotective activities 2-Methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone In vitro PC12 cells Enhance antioxidative effect Decrease the expressions of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK [43 ] Resveratrol In vivo Male Sprague-Dawley rats Intragastric gavage Increase the SOD and GPx activities Decrease MDA level Improve neuromuscular coordination and sensorimotor ability in tightrope test Enhance the learning and memory capacity in Morris water maze test in SAM [44 ]
Cardioprotective activities Polydatin In vivo Female Japanese Giant Ear Rabbits Orally administrated Reduce the serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL [47 ] Polydatin In vivo Male Sprague-Dawley rats Intravenously administrated Activate PKC and open mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel Attenuate changes in MDA and SOD [48 ]
Cardioprotective activities Polydatin In vivo Male Kunming mice Male Sprague-Dawley rats Intragastrically administrated Inhibit the activation of RAAS and decrease the excretion of endothelin-1, TNF-
, and angiotensin II [49 ] Resveratrol In vitro Human cardiac AC16 cells Activate STAT3 signaling Induce the expression of Bcl-xL [50 ] Resveratrol In vivo Male apo E−/− mice semisynthetic diet Elevate apo-AI/apo B ratio and levels of HDL-cholesterol Decrease plasma LDL-C concentration and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 expression [51 ] Resveratrol In vivo Male Sprague–Dawley rats Gavage administered Improve cardiac function and reduce myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the IR rat heart Restore the IR-induced altered microRNA expressions [52 ] Radiotherapeutic effect Resveratrol In vivo ICR mice Intraperitoneally administered Protect salivary glands against radiation-induced dysfunction in mice Reverse the reduction of saliva secretion and restore salivary amylase and SOD activity [58 ] Chemopreventive and antitumor effects Resveratrol In vitro Human NPC cell lines Cancer stem cells Impede CSCs properties through the activation of p53 Suppress the stemness and EMT through reactivating p53 and inducing miR-145 and miR-200c [59 ] Resveratrol In vitro MCF-7 breast cancer cells Inhibit HSP expression Improve the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin [60 ]
Estrogen-like activities Emodin Emodin- 8-O-β -D-glucopyranoside In vitro MCF-7 cells Enhance the proliferation of MCF-7 Exert estrogen-like activities by binding to human ER
and ERβ [53 ] Citreorosein In vitro Recombinant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BJ3505) Possess estrogenic activity [55 ] Cosmeceutical and dermatological effects Physcion, Emodin Citreorosein In vitro Dorsal skin from pigs Inhibit tyrosinase activity and exert higher permeability into the skin [54 ]