Study of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Breast Cancer Patients among Arab Ancestries

Osman, Yasser; Elsharkawy, Tarek; Hashim, Tariq Mohammad; Alratroot, Jumana Abdulwahab; Aljindan, Fatima; Almulla, Liqa; Alsuwat, Hind Saleh; Al Otaibi, Waad Mohammed; Hegazi, Fatma Mohammed; Ibrahim, Abdallah M.; Borgio, J. Francis; AbdulAzeez, Sayed

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2442109

International Journal of Breast Cancer

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Ethical Approval Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 2442109 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2442109

Study of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Breast Cancer Patients among Arab Ancestries

Yasser Osman,¹Tarek Elsharkawy,¹Tariq Mohammad Hashim,¹Jumana Abdulwahab Alratroot,¹Fatima Aljindan,¹Liqa Almulla,¹Hind Saleh Alsuwat,²Waad Mohammed Al Otaibi,²Fatma Mohammed Hegazi,²Abdallah M. Ibrahim,^2,3J. Francis Borgio,²and Sayed AbdulAzeez²

Academic Editor: Taobo Hu

Received21 Aug 2022

Revised20 Sept 2022

Accepted30 Sept 2022

Published11 Oct 2022

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer in our population of Arab patients. We investigated 26 breast cancer patients and an equal number of healthy age- and sex-matched control volunteers. We examined the exome wide microarray-based biomarkers and screened 243,345 SNPs for their possible significant association with our breast cancer patients. Successfully, we identified the most significant ( value ) four associated SNPs [SNRK and SNRK-AS1-rs202018563G; BRCA2-rs2227943C; ZNF484-rs199826847C; and DCPS-rs1695739G] among persons with breast cancer versus the healthy controls even after Bonferroni corrections ( value ). Although our patients’ numbers were limited, the identified SNPs might shed some light on certain breast cancer-associated functional multigenic variations in Arab patients. We assert on the importance of more extensive large-scale analysis to confirm the candidate biomarkers and possible target genes of breast cancer among Arab ancestries.

1. Introduction

Breast cancer, as a multifactorial disease, is the most common cancer in the world [1]. The major risk factors associated with breast cancer appear to be environmental and genetic factors [2, 3]. Previous studies indicate that genetic factors account for about 27% of the breast cancer risk [4]. A few genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, and ATM have been known to be associated with the risk of breast cancer [5].

Yang et al. reported meta-analyses, including 14306 cases and 15099 controls group numbers from 13 case-control studies, and explored the association between the rs3803662 polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer. Their results indicated that rs3803662 is significantly associated with breast cancer risk in Caucasian women but did not find this association in Asian women [6].

In addition, Garcia et al. reported the association of XRCC4 c. with breast cancer development among selected Filipinos [7]. The results by Garcia et al. supported the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the XRCC4 c. gene may influence the functioning of the DNA repair pathway [7].

Node-like receptors (NLR) are a group of intracellular proteins that can detect microbes and abnormal signals. Thus, it could control various immune pathways. There are around 22 NLR proteins that has not been well studied [8]. NLRC5 is one of the NLR proteins which is expressed mostly in the lymphoid and myeloid cells. The expression of NLRC5 is found to have been induced strongly by INF-y [9]. Overexpressed NLRC5 can repress the signal of NF-κB– and AP-1–. Thus, in the absence of NLRC5 expression, there will be an increased proinflammatory response. Therefore, NLRC5 has a negative modulation effect on the inflammatory pathways. Moreover, NLRC5 is found to be a transcription coactivator for the MHC class I gene. MHC class I receptor plays a key role cancer immune response [8, 9]. Under expression of NLRC5 will cause impaired MHC class I activity, thus, increased risk for cancer and result in poor prognosis [9]. One study on breast cancer found that the promotion of NLRC5 that is done by INF-y which in turn will upregulate the MHC class I receptors, thus increasing the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy [10].

Salt inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) is a part of the AMP-activated protein kinase family (AMPK), which have been found to play a vital role in maintaining normal metabolic function and cellular growth [11]. Several studies have investigated the role of SIK in breast cancer; they found that a reduction in the expression of SIK is linked to metastatic disease and poor prognosis. While in the other hand, higher expression levels have a tumor suppressor effect [12]. SIK1 has shown to stimulate the oxidative phosphorylation, which will result in the inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation via inhibiting the glycolysis. Moreover, SIK1 has direct interaction with P53 that results in positive regulation of the transcriptional activity of P53 that causes oxidative phosphorylation in the breast cancer cells. On the other hand, knockdown of P53 and SIK1 will cause increased proliferation of cancer cells. However, the interaction of SIK1 with mTOR signaling showed increased glycolysis and enhanced cell proliferation. These finding suggests the vital role of SIK in the regulation of glycolysis and cells proliferation [11].

Family-based studies have been the primary focus of study in the search for genetic determinants in breast cancer, but with new technologies that enable analysis of hundreds of thousands of SNPs, together with insights into the structure of genomic variation in the human genome, it is now possible to scan across the genome in search of common genetic variants associated with disease risk [13]. In this context, it was reported that hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes can be caused by loss-of-function germline mutations in one of two tumor-suppressor genes, BRCA1, and BRCA2 [14]. Besides, inherited mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 predispose to breast, ovarian, and other cancers. That is because BRCA1 or BRCA2 expressed protein products are implicated in processes fundamental to all cells, including DNA repair and recombination, checkpoint control of cell cycle, and transcription [15].

Cerda-Floris et al. reported that SNP, rs1501299 was associated with a risk of developing breast cancer in Mexican patient [16].

Liu et al. studied the SNP, rs799917, in BRCA1, and found this polymorphism to be associated and increased susceptibility to lung cancer in a Han Chinese population in the Liaoning Province of China [17].

There is lack of enough studies that investigate the possible association of significant SNPs with development of breast cancer in Arab patients. Therefore, we did this study to investigate the possible associated SNPs with development of breast cancer in our population of patients at the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Although our patients’ numbers were limited, our results led to finding suggested candidate biomarkers for possible prediction of breast cancer among Arab patients in our geographical region.

2. Materials and Methods

Study patients’ sample were 26 Saudi females, ranged in age from 32 to 77 years old, with histologically confirmed newly diagnosed breast cancer. All patients (cases) were diagnosed at King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU), Khobar, KSA between January 2018 to December 2019.

The normal healthy controls (26 control volunteers) were age- and sex-matched with breast cancer cases. Healthy controls were assessed by a physician collaborator to make sure they are clinically healthy and not suspected to have any type of malignancy. Both cases and controls were asked through interview on a standardized questionnaire inquiring on their risk factors (diet, alcohol and tobacco use, medical history, family history of cancer, reproductive health, occupation, and environmental factors).

Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were obtained from the pathological masses of breast cancer cases for molecular studies. On the other hand, 5 mL peripheral blood samples collected from the healthy control volunteers were immediately stored at -80°C until molecular analysis. Clinical data of the cases (age, histopathological diagnosis, immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptors, and HER2/neu) were retrieved from clinical records and histopathology reports. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (No. IRB-2017-135-IRMC) of KFHU, and all participants gave written informed consents.

2.1. DNA Extraction and Genotyping Analysis

Genomic DNA from the blood samples were extracted and used for genotyping microarray for analyzing 243,345 exonic markers using human exome bead chip kit (v1.0 and v1.1, Illumina, San Diego, USA). All DNA samples were hybridized on the exome bead chip according to manufacturer’s protocol. The hybridized samples on the exome chip were scanned using iScan (Illumina San Diego, USA). The data from the human exome bead chip was obtained using the iScan control software (Illumina, San Diego, USA). Instruments at the genetic research laboratory of the Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, was used for the DNA isolation, microarray genotyping, and analysis as described earlier [18, 19]. GenomeStudio 2.0 Data Analysis Software (Illumina, USA) was used for the initial quality verification of the call rate. Due to a call rate of 0.99 percent, 2 patients with breast cancer were eliminated from the study. With a 1 degree of freedom genotypic chi-squared test, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was investigated individually in the case and control groups. SNP-Nexus [20, 21] was used to ensure that variations reported at a base pair location on the corresponding chromosome were reported in accordance with Genome (GRCh37.p13.) Reference Consortium Human Build 37. Using Haploview version 4.2 [22] and gPLINK version 2.050 [23], case-control association analyses were performed to assess the influence of various alleles and haplotypes. To keep the type I error rate, Bonferroni corrections or false discovery rate corrections were used to validate the values of 243345 SNPs (). Significant was defined as p values less than 2.0510^-07.

3. Results

A total of 52 samples (26 histologically confirmed breast cancer cases matched with 26 clinically healthy controls) were included in this study. As shown in Table 1, the cases’ ages ranged from 32 to 77 years old. The cases histological diagnoses, and their estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2/neu expressions are indicated in Table 1.

Four SNPs [Chromosome 3: SNRK and SNRK-AS1-rs202018563G ( ); Chromosome 13: BRCA2-rs2227943C ( ); Chromosome 13: ZNF484-rs199826847C ( ); and Chromosome 11: DCPS-rs1695739G ( )] were found to be highly associated significantly ( ) in patients with breast cancer even after Bonferroni corrections or false discovery rate corrections (corrected ) among the exonic variants 24,3345 studied (Figure 1; Table 2). All the associated SNPs obeyed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The most significant ( ) exonic variants that are associated in patients with breast cancer from the Saudi Arabians are listed in Table 2. Linkage disequilibrium analysis among SNPs with in Saudi Female with breast cancer revealed risk and protective haplotypes as listed in Table 3. The protective and risk haplotypes with 5 significant variants in the chromosome 2 and high degree ( ) of linkage disequilibrium includes: rs199826847A; rs189581518T; rs140626972A; rs115282281A; rs150343979C (Protective: ), rs199826847G; rs189581518C; rs140626972C; rs115282281G; rs150343979T (risk: ) (Table 3).

4. Discussion

Genetic heterogeneity in Arab populations on various disorders including cancers are common [24]. Hence, studying the genes and impact on diseases among them is challenging. The present study aimed to identify the genetic association on histologically confirmed breast cancer among the Saudi Arabians. The study has successfully identified candidate variants on breast cancer including variants in BRCA2 gene. The mutation of BRCA2 gene mutations account for around 20-40% of familial breast cancer cases. Moreover, the carriers of BRCA2 mutations have a 45-49% risk to develop several types of cancer during their lifes [25]. Carriers of BRCA2 mutation management include frequent screening, prophylactic surgeries in some cases, and genetic testing and counseling for other family members. There are numerous variants that are inferred from the sequencing data alone. Thus, those variants are called variants of uncertain significance (VUS) [25]. In parallel with our study, one group has investigated the prevalence of BRCA gene mutation in Saudi women with breast cancer; they found that mutation of BRCA2 gene was found in 7 patients out of 310 with total percentage of both BRCA1 and BRCA2 of 12.9%; the percentage of BRCA2 was 2.2%. This result is correlated with same percentage that found in Lebanese population but found to be higher than the Qatari population [26]. Another study that has been conducted on Gulf region population has investigated the prevalence of BRCA mutations in women with ovarian cancer; the result showed that the 15 out of 88 women had BRCA mutation with the total percentage of 17%; BRCA was accounted for 9.1%; this result showed higher than those reported in global studies [27].

Our current study revealed the most significant SNP, rs202018563 in the gene, SNRK, is the sucrose nonfermenting 1-related kinase. SNRK is considered as protein kinase that has significant role in signal transduction through the phosphorylation of certain amino acid and protein phosphorylation. SNRK plays vital role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. SNRK is a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase family. Historically, the first identification of SNRK was in 1966 where it was discovered in adipocyte, and its expression played a role in the differentiation of cells into adipose-like cells [28].

It is also suggested that SNRK regulates the transportation of glucose and cell motility. Of note, the expression of SNRK is found to be associated with cancer disease and obesity [29]. In addition to our findings, some investigators have reported that SNRK has been found to be expressed in ovarian cancer cell lines [28, 29]. The proposed explanation is that SNRK is regulated by liver kinase B1 (LKB1) which function is to suppress the signaling pathway. One study has found that mutated LKB1 could alter several kinases pathways including SNRK, and it is associated with breast cancer in which it can affect the patient survival and the outcome of the treatment [30].

Our results showed that SNP, rs1695739 in DCPS is one of the significant variants in our breast cancer patients. DCPS is the decapping enzyme that is part in the mRNA decay process, which is the process that is responsible for the degradation of the mRNA in mammalian cells. DCPS is responsible for the decapping of the cap structure that is generated by 3 to 5 exonucleolytic degradation [31]. Any change in the rate of mRNA degradation process can alter the expression level of different pathways which in turn affect the cellular function [31]. Interestingly, mutation in the DCPS gene has been reported with neurological malfunction and affecting normal recognition processes, and it is implicated in the spinal muscular atrophy disease [32]. Moreover, one study showed that the DCPS activity is essential for AML cell survival. Therefore, it was suggested that targeting DCPS could serve as treatment for AML [33].

Concerning our reported breast cancer-associated variant SNP, rs189581518 on ZRANB3 gene. ZRANB3 belongs to the family of sucrose nonfermenting 2 group of ATPase and is considered as nuclease that has role in DNA replication and DNA repair [34]. ZRANB3 interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) which is a processivity factor for DNA polymerase. PCNA has a role in controlling the cellular response during replication in the case of DNA damage. ZRANB3 recruited to interact with PCNA in sites where there are DNA breaks and stress on the replication fork. ZRANB3 malfunction results in a DNA that is sensitive to being damaged by DNA damaging agents [34]. ZRANB3 variants have been found to be associated with several types of cancers such as endometrial carcinoma [34]. These findings support our observation about the breast cancer-associated significant SNP, rs189581518 on ZRANB3 gene. The analysis of ZRANB3 variants through the bioinformatics approach has suggested that these variants are associated with pathogenicity most of the time [35]. One study has investigated the association of BRCA2 gene mutation and the deficit in the DNA repriming where ZRANB3 and other repairing factors are depleted; they found that these cells are having increased risk of DNA instability in the form of chromatid breaks (CTB) after radiation in patient with breast cancer suggesting the association of this defect to play role in the tumor suppression and response to treatment [36]. Another study which supports our findings showed that the BRCA1 or BRCA2 deficit cells and depletion of SNF2 family fork remodelers which includes ZRANB3 could increase the DNA degradation and might explain the insights of genomic instability that found in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutated cells [37].

DMXL2 is a newly discovered regulator of the notch signaling pathway. The notch signaling has been reported to be disrupted frequently in breast cancer, that is estrogen receptor positive [38]. Moreover, it is implicated for therapy resistance, which is a challenging issue in the treatment of breast cancer. There are enormous efforts to target this pathway to improve the prognosis and outcome of breast cancer. Studies have shown that DMXL2 is highly expressed in resistant breast cancer, and DMXL2 enhances the transition of the epithelium into mesenchymal via the activation of notch signaling. It has been reported that reduction in the expression of DMXL2 will decrease the notch signaling significantly, thus, improving the outcome of breast cancer treatment [38]. The significant SNPs, rs114516513 in DMXL2 was observed in the study, and previous expression studies indicate the need of further studies in the Arab ancestries with breast cancer. The glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1) is thought to be a major regulator of cancer microenvironment; the tumor microenvironment is a complex of cells and factors that enables tumor growth and development [39]. Inside the microenvironment, tumor cells will restrict the activity of T cells through different metabolic pathways adaptations; one important metabolic pathway is the glycogen metabolism [40]. GBE1 knockdown is shown to be correlated with increased and enhanced immune response, thus inhibiting, and limiting the growth of the cancer cells [39]. The mutations in GBE1 have been reported with several types of cancers including lung adenocarcinoma [39, 40] and melanoma [41].

Even though, although our samples’ size is limited, our findings of significant SNPs among patients with breast cancer even after Bonferroni corrections suggest the importance of further detailed larger samples analysis for significant SNPs in the Arab ancestries with breast cancer.

5. Conclusion

Our exome wide biomarkers study identified 4 SNPs [SNRK and SNRK-AS1-rs202018563G; BRCA2-rs2227943C; ZNF484-rs199826847C; and DCPS-rs1695739G] as the most significant SNPs among our patients with breast cancer compared to the healthy controls. Although our patients’ numbers were limited, the identified SNPs might shed some light on certain breast cancer-associated functional multigenic variations in Arab patients. These associated SNPs in Arab breast cancer patients were found even after Bonferroni corrections, indicating the need for more extensive large-scale investigation of significant SNPs to reveal the candidate biomarkers for the prediction of breast cancer among Arab individuals.

Data Availability

All data are available on request through the corresponding author.

Ethical Approval

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB Number 2017-135-IRMC) at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no further potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

Y Osman was responsible for the conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, resources, validation, visualization, original draft preparation, project administration, and review and editing of the paper. J Francis Borgio and S AbdulAzeez were responsible for the data curation, formal analysis, methodology, resources, and original draft preparation. T Elsharkawy, T Hashim, JA Alratroot, F Aljindan, and L Almulla were responsible for the formal analysis, validation, visualization, and review of the paper. HS Alsuwat, WM AlOtaibi, FM Hegazi, and AM Ibrahim were responsible for the conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, validation, visualization, and review of the paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the dean of Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia for her continuous support and encouragement. We also appreciate the technical assistance from Mr. Ranilo M. Tumbaga, Mr. Horace T. Pacifico, and Ms. Jee E. Aquino. This study was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Grant No: 2017-135-IRMC to Yasser Osman). Authors thank Institute for Research and Medical Consultations for instrumentation and facilitates.

References

F. Bray, J. Ferlay, M. Laversanne et al., “Cancer incidence in five continents: inclusion criteria, highlights from volume X and the global status of cancer registration,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 137, no. 9, pp. 2060–2071, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Chen, J. Zhou, Y. Xue et al., “A single nucleotide polymorphism of the TNRC9 gene associated with breast cancer risk in Chinese Han women,” Genetics and Molecular Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 182–187, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. M. Parkin, F. Bray, J. Ferlay, and P. Pisani, “Global cancer statistics, 2002,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 74–108, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Lichtenstein, N. V. Holm, P. K. Verkasalo et al., “Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 343, no. 2, pp. 78–85, 2000, PMID: 10891514.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Walsh and M. C. King, “Ten genes for inherited breast cancer,” Cancer Cell, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 103–105, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Yang, W. Wang, G. Liu, Y. Yu, and M. Liao, “Association of single nucleotide polymorphism rs3803662 with the risk of breast cancer,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, article 29008, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. A. Garcia, N. A. Noel Angelo Kalacas, T. S. Ortin, M. C. Ramos, and P. M. Albano, “XRCC4 c 1394G>T single nucleotide polymorphisms and breast cancer risk among Filipinos,” Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1097–1101, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Benko, J. G. Magalhaes, D. J. Philpott, and S. E. Girardin, “NLRC5 limits the activation of inflammatory pathways,” Journal of Immunology, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 1681–1691, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Yoshihama, S. Vijayan, T. Sidiq, and K. S. Kobayashi, “NLRC5/CITA: a key player in cancer immune surveillance,” Trends Cancer, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28–38, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Z. Zhao, Y. Sun, X. F. Jiang, L. Liu, L. Liu, and L. X. Sun, “Promotion on NLRC5 upregulating MHC-I expression by IFN-γ in MHC-I-deficient breast cancer cells,” Immunologic Research, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 497–504, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Ponnusamy and R. Manoharan, “Distinctive role of SIK1 and SIK3 isoforms in aerobic glycolysis and cell growth of breast cancer through the regulation of p53 and mTOR signaling pathways,” Cell Research, vol. 1868, no. 5, article 118975, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Chen, F. Chen, T. T. Zhang, and N. F. Liu, “Suppression of SIK1 by miR-141 in human ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues,” International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1601–1610, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. N. Hirschhorn and M. J. Daly, “Genome-wide association studies for common diseases and complex traits,” Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 95–108, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Scully and D. M. Livingston, “In search of the tumour-suppressor functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2,” Nature, vol. 408, no. 6811, pp. 429–432, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Venkitaraman, “Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2,” Cell, vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 171–182, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. M. Cerda-Flores, K. P. Camarillo-Cárdenas, G. Gutiérrez-Orozco et al., “ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphisms and breast cancer in northeastern Mexican women,” BMC Medical Genetics, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 187, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Liu, Y. Gao, L. Li et al., “Single nucleotide polymorphisms in breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 are associated with susceptibility to lung cancer,” Oncology Letters, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 424, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Osman, T. Elsharkawy, T. M. Hashim et al., “Functional multigenic variations associated with hodgkin lymphoma,” International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1472–1482, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. F. Borgio, H. S. Alsuwat, W. Alamoudi et al., “Exome array identifies functional exonic biomarkers for pediatric dental caries,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 141, article 105019, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Z. Dayem Ullah, N. R. Lemoine, and C. Chelala, “SNPnexus: a web server for functional annotation of novel and publicly known genetic variants (2012 update),” Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 40, no. W1, pp. W65–W70, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Glusman, J. Caballero, D. E. Mauldin, L. Hood, and J. C. Roach, “Kaviar: an accessible system for testing SNV novelty,” Bioinformatics, vol. 27, no. 22, pp. 3216-3217, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Barrett, B. Fry, J. D. Maller, and M. J. Daly, “Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps,” Bioinformatics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 263–265, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Purcell, B. Neale, K. Todd-Brown et al., “PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses,” American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 559–575, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. F. Borgio, “Heterogeneity in biomarkers, mitogenome and genetic disorders of Arab population with special emphasis on large-scale whole-exome sequencing,” Archives of Medical Science, vol. 17, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. L. S. Mesman, F. M. G. R. Calléja, G. Hendriks et al., “The functional impact of variants of uncertain significance in BRCA2,” Genetics in Medicine, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 293–302, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. Abulkhair, M. Al Balwi, O. Makram et al., “Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among high-risk Saudi patients with breast cancer,” Journal of Global Oncology, vol. 4, no. 4, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Azribi, E. Abdou, E. Dawoud et al., “Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic sequence variants in ovarian cancer patients in the Gulf region: the PREDICT study,” BMC Cancer, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 1350, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Thirugnanam and R. Ramchandran, “SNRK: a metabolic regulator with multifaceted role in development and disease,” Vessel Plus, vol. 4, no. 26, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Lu, Z. Xie, C. Yan et al., “SNRK (sucrose nonfermenting 1-related kinase) promotes angiogenesis in vivo,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 373–385, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Nguyen, A. Rivera, M. Alzoubi et al., “Evaluation of liver kinase B1 downstream signaling expression in various breast cancers and relapse free survival after systemic chemotherapy treatment,” Oncotarget, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1110–1115, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Yamauchi, T. Masuda, M. C. Canver et al., “Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies leukemia-specific dependence on a pre-mRNA metabolic pathway regulated by DCPS,” Cancer Cell, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 386–400, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Singh, M. Salcius, S.-W. Liu et al., “DcpS as a therapeutic target for spinal muscular atrophy,” ACS Chemical Biology, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 711–722, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Yoshimi and O. Abdel-Wahab, “Targeting mRNA decapping in AML,” Cancer Cell, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 339–341, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sebesta, C. Cooper, A. Ariza, C. J. Carnie, and D. Ahel, “Structural insights into the function of ZRANB3 in replication stress response,” Nature Communications, vol. 8, no. 1, article 15847, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Li, Q. Chao, Y. Liu et al., “Deubiquitinase ZRANB1 drives hepatocellular carcinoma progression through SP1-LOXL2 axis,” American Journal of Cancer Research, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 4807–4825, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Kang, P. Fu, A. L. Alcivar et al., “BRCA2 associates with MCM10 to suppress PRIMPOL-mediated repriming and single-stranded gap formation after DNA damage,” Nature Communications, vol. 12, no. 1, article 5966, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Taglialatela, S. Alvarez, G. Leuzzi et al., “Restoration of replication fork stability in BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient cells by inactivation of SNF2-family fork remodelers,” Molecular Cell, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 414–430, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Faronato, V. T. Nguyen, D. K. Patten et al., “DMXL2 drives epithelial to mesenchymal transition in hormonal therapy resistant breast cancer through notch hyper-activation,” Oncotarget, vol. 6, no. 26, article 22467, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Li, L. Yang, S. Cheng et al., “Lung adenocarcinoma-intrinsic GBE1 signaling inhibits anti-tumor immunity,” Molecular Cancer, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 108, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Liang, Y. Lei, M. Liang et al., “GBE1 is an independent prognostic marker and associated with CD163⁺ tumor-associated macrophage infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma,” Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 11, no. 11, article 781344, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Buart, S. Terry, M. Z. Noman et al., “Transcriptional response to hypoxic stress in melanoma and prognostic potential of GBE1 and BNIP3,” Oncotarget, vol. 8, no. 65, article 108786, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Yasser Osman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1763

Downloads

891

Citations