Strategies to Promote Empowerment Status of Breast Cancer Women

Table 5

Descriptive characteristics of the selected studies.

The first author (year)	Country	Title	Research method	Main result and empowerment strategy
Padmaja et al. [13]	India	Effectiveness of empowerment program on breast cancer and education on breast self-examination among women in selected rural areas/ST, AP Tirupati, India	Intervention	Training and improving breast self-assessment skills can be effective in the early diagnosis and early treatment of cancer.
Mustika et al. [27]	Indonesia	Community empowerment through the cervical and breast cancer early detection program with the Formation of Srikandi Cadres (Early Cancer Awareness) in Kangean Islands, Sumenep Regency	Intervention	Training to provide community-based services in the local language and culture is useful for increasing women’s knowledge of breast self-assessment and performing acetic acid imaging to diagnose and reduce breast and cervical cancer.
Molina et al. [28]	The US	The “Empowering Latinas to obtain breast cancer screenings” study: rationale and design	Intervention	Empowering and educating women through social media can help familiarize them with the importance of breast cancer screening.
Hanson et al. [29]	Nigeria	Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among rural women in southwestern Nigeria: Implications for the development of a women’s empowerment program	Interview	Breast self-assessment educational intervention can help with early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Shin and Park [17]	South Korea	Effect of empowerment on the quality of life of the survivors of breast cancer: The moderating effect of self-help group participation	Descriptive cross-sectional	Participation in self-help groups has an important impact on breast cancer survivors’ sense of empowerment and, consequently, their quality of life.
Hosseini et al. [30]	Iran	The impact of the implementation of the empowerment family-centered model on the symptom scales of the lives quality of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy	Intervention	Family-based empowerment of women with breast cancer reduces the adverse effects of chemotherapy and improves their quality of life.
Lee et al. [31]	The US	Direct interactive public education by breast radiologists about screening mammography: impact on anxiety and empowerment	Intervention	Holding training sessions on the importance of mammography screening can reduce anxiety and cause informed decision-making in breast cancer patients.
Pashaee et al. [32]	Iran	The impact of the implementation of the empowerment family-centered model on the performance scale of the lives quality of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy	Intervention	Family-based empowerment in women with breast cancer is effective in reducing the adverse effects of treatment and improving their quality of life.
van den Berg et al. [33]	The Netherlands	BREATH: web-based self-management for psychological adjustment after primary breast cancer--results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial	Intervention	Internet-based self-management can reduce the psychological pressure of breast cancer.
Sadati et al. [34]	Iran	Religion as an empowerment context in the narrative of women with breast cancer	Interview	Spiritual empowerment includes strengthening one’s spiritual soul and faith, which leads to the resumption of the person’s normal life and not considering breast cancer as the end of life.
Kaur and Bisht [35]	India	Assessing the impact of awareness program on breast and cervical cancer knowledge empowerment among working women in education sector	Interview	Holding educational sessions at national, local, and individual levels can increase patients’ awareness of diagnostic and prevention methods of breast cancer.
Gabitova and Burke [36]	The US	Improving healthcare empowerment through breast cancer patient navigation: a mixed methods evaluation in a safety-net setting	Intervention	Patient navigation in the breast clinic had a positive impact on patients’ experiences with care and healthcare empowerment.
Ryhänen et al. [37]	Finland	The impact of an empowering Internet-based Breast Cancer Patient Pathway program on breast cancer patients’ clinical outcomes: a randomised controlled trial.	Intervention	Internet-based patient participation helps to empower the patient in six dimensions: physiological and biological, functional, experimental, ethical, social, and financial.
Martinez-Ramos et al. [38]	The US	Quality of life of Latina breast cancer survivors: from silence to empowerment	Interview	Family support and peer advocacy helped survivors help to reduce the fear of cancer recurrence, fight the fear of social stigma, become stronger in the face of ongoing life changes, and strive to provide healthcare and social support for breast cancer survivors.
van den Berg et al. [39]	The Netherlands	The cancer empowerment questionnaire: Psychological empowerment in breast cancer survivors	Descriptive cross-sectional	Psychological empowerment includes the patient interpersonal, behavioral, and interactive empowerment. Empowerment of breast cancer patients is mostly in the form of online patient education, personal websites, peer groups, survival counseling, cancer rehabilitation, professional self-help groups, social cognitive processing and interactive empowerment, positive adjustment, coping, resilience, optimism, personal control, post-traumatic growth, and perceived social support.
van den Berg et al. [40]	India	Rationale of the breast cancer e-health [BREATH] multicentre randomised controlled trial: an internet-based self-management intervention to foster adjustment after curative breast cancer by decreasing distress and increasing empowerment	Intervention	The use of BREATH Internet-based intervention leads to psychological self-management in breast cancer survivors. In this method, the patient’s own capability is used. The cost-effectiveness of this method is high, and it is very affordable. This method provides emotional, physical, and social rehabilitation to breast cancer survivors. In addition, cognitive behavioral therapy, self-management, printed educational materials, and educational videos prepared by peers are effective in empowering breast cancer patients.
Stang and Mittelmark [41]	Norway	Intervention to enhance empowerment in breast cancer self-help groups	Intervention	Self-help groups led by peers or specialists can affect the rehabilitation of breast cancer women. Psychological empowerment includes intrapersonal, interpersonal, and behavioral empowerment.
Fisher and Howell [42]	The US	The power of empowerment: An ICF-based model to improve self-efficacy and upper extremity function of survivors of breast cancer. Rehabilitation Oncology	Review	A combination of empowerment and self-efficacy of breast cancer survivors affects the personal factors based on the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) model.
Stang and Mittelmark [6]	Norway	Learning as an empowerment process in breast cancer self-help groups	Intervention	The learning process in expert-led self-help groups increases awareness, gaining objective knowledge, learning from the experiences of others, and acquiring new perspectives on oneself and life.
van Uden-Kraan et al. [43]	The Netherlands	Empowering processes and outcomes of participation in online support groups for patients with breast cancer, arthritis, or fibromyalgia	Interview	Participation of breast cancer patients in online support groups empowers them through increased self-confidence, trust in the physician and treatment, social environment, disease acceptance, optimism and self-control, participation in community activities, and a sense of social well-being.
Zorrilla et al. [44]	Puerto Rico	An empowerment intervention for women living with HIV and its adaptation for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer	Intervention	The biopsychological model includes patient participation in six full-day workshops in which multiple biopsychosocial dimensions are explored within the group, and diverse experiential activities are carried out related to the day’s topics.
Sharf [45]	The US	Communicating breast cancer on-line: support and empowerment on the Internet	Intervention	Online groups are involved in increasing the empowerment of women with breast cancer. By exchanging information in these groups, people can make good decisions on their treatment process.