Prediction of Esophageal Varices in Viral Hepatitis C Cirrhosis: Performance of Combined Ultrasonography and Clinical Predictors

Charoenchue, Puwitch; Na Chiangmai, Wittanee; Amantakul, Amonlaya; Wanchaitanawong, Wasuwit; Chitapanarux, Taned; Pojchamarnwiputh, Suwalee

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7938732

International Journal of Biomedical Imaging

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Abbreviations Data Availability Ethical Approval Consent Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 7938732 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7938732

Prediction of Esophageal Varices in Viral Hepatitis C Cirrhosis: Performance of Combined Ultrasonography and Clinical Predictors

Puwitch Charoenchue,¹Wittanee Na Chiangmai,¹Amonlaya Amantakul,¹Wasuwit Wanchaitanawong,²Taned Chitapanarux,²and Suwalee Pojchamarnwiputh¹

Academic Editor: Lizhi Sun

Received23 Mar 2023

Revised02 Jul 2023

Accepted13 Jul 2023

Published15 Sept 2023

Abstract

Objectives. This study is aimed at evaluating the diagnostic performance of clinical predictors and the Doppler ultrasonography in predicting esophageal varices (EV) in patients with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis and exploring the practical predictors of EV. Methods. We conducted a prospective study from July 2020 to January 2021, enrolling 65 patients with mild hepatitis C-related cirrhosis. We obtained clinical data and performed grayscale and the Doppler ultrasound to explore the predictors of EV. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed as the reference test by the gastroenterologist within a week. Results. The prevalence of EV in the study was 41.5%. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that gender (female, , ), platelet count (<150000 per ml, , ), splenic length (>11 cm, , ), and absent right hepatic vein (RHV) triphasicity (, ) were significant predictors of EV. However, the diagnostic accuracy indices for isolated predictors were not good (–0.66). A combination of these four predictors increases the diagnostic accuracy in predicting the presence of EV (, 95% CI 0.69-0.91). Furthermore, the Doppler assessment of the right hepatic vein waveform showed good reproducibility (). Conclusion. Combining clinical and Doppler ultrasound features can be used as a screening test for predicting the presence of EV in patients with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis. The practical predictors identified in this study could serve as an alternative to invasive EGD in EV diagnosis. Further studies are needed to explore the diagnostic accuracy of additional noninvasive predictors, such as elastography, to improve EV screening.

1. Introduction

Portal hypertension (PHT) is a common complication of cirrhosis. It leads to severe complications such as variceal bleeding and causes significant morbidity and mortality [1, 2]. Fifty percent of cirrhotic patients are at risk of developing esophageal varices (EV) [3–6], and a quarter of patients having EV intend to suffer from variceal bleeding over two years [4, 5]. About a twenty percent mortality rate is associated with each bleeding episode [5].

All patients with an initial diagnosis of cirrhosis are recommended to undergo screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), the gold standard for the diagnosis of EV [3, 7–9]. However, EGD is an invasive procedure, associated with risk, and not tolerable in all patients [10]. Furthermore, it may not be available in a remote area without an endoscopist.

There are many indirect approaches to identifying EV. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the gold standard hemodynamic measurement for assessing portal hypertension, predicting the risk of hepatic decompensation, and variceal treatment evaluation [11]. It can be used as an alternative tool for detecting EV [12]. Nonetheless, it is similarly invasive to EGD.

Noninvasive methods have gained attention as alternatives to invasive procedures like endoscopy. Few studies explore the clinical parameters, such as platelet count [13] and newer blood biomarkers, including serum laminin levels and serum hyaluronic acid [14]. However, the limitations of these tests are their accuracy in predicting EV and their availability. Clinical prediction rules such as FibroTest, APRI, and FIB-4, reflecting liver fibrosis, can help identify high-risk patients; however, they still do not directly predict EV.

Ultrasound (US) is one of the noninvasive modalities and has been developed and widely used for the follow-up of chronic liver diseases in identifying cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [15]. Combined clinical and ultrasound parameters such as platelet count and spleen diameter for predicting EV have good potential [16–22].

Transient elastography (TE, FibroScan®), measuring liver stiffness, has shown promise in predicting EV presence and severity. The Baveno VI criteria suggest the utilization of both TE with a liver stiffness measurement (LSM) value below 20 kPa and a platelet count exceeding 150,000 per milliliter (ml) to rule out high-risk varices [23]. Validation and further research are necessary to establish the accuracy and reliability of these noninvasive methods for EV screening in HCV cirrhosis patients. Liver and splenic stiffness measurements using TE or shear wave elastography (SWE) have been widely studied and may represent another potential predictor for EV [24–29]. However, the various machines’ different values limit this method’s global reproducibility.

The Doppler ultrasonography can be used for the hemodynamic evaluation of hepatic vessels like HVPG without invasiveness. Its measuring values are valid across the machines. The Doppler parameters showed good correlations with portal hypertension and liver stiffness measured by elastography and fibrosis staging obtained from a liver biopsy [30, 31].

Doppler ultrasonography can be a useful alternative for EV prediction because of its noninvasiveness, repeatability, and availability. We hypothesized that the hepatic vessels’ Doppler sonography has high diagnostic accuracy in EV prediction in cirrhotic patients.

Previous studies on the Doppler ultrasound for predicting EV in cirrhotic patients were done, but their limited number of parameters and diagnostic performance for each parameter gave an inability to draw definitive conclusions [32–37]. The variability in results undermines the reliability of the Doppler ultrasound as a predictive tool for EV in cirrhotic patients. There was still no precision about choosing which branch of vessels to evaluate the hemodynamics. Moreover, no previous studies were done in all three vessels, including the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic vein. Thus, these factors lead us to study more about the hemodynamic changes from Doppler ultrasound, a potential noninvasive method for predicting EV in a cirrhotic patient.

We believe that ultrasound could provide added diagnostic value in predicting EV. The objectives are (1) to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Doppler ultrasonography and clinical predictors and (2) to explore the practical predictors predicting the presence of EV in viral hepatitis C cirrhotic patients.

2. Methods

Our prospective population-analog study with protocol identification number RAD-2563-07384 was approved by the Ethical Committee of Maharaj Nakhon Chiang Mai Hospital. Patients were recruited from the registered major project titled “Liver and Spleen Stiffness by 2-dimensional shear wave elastography to Predict Esophageal Varices in Patients with Hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis” and coded as MED-2562-06671.

2.1. Study Population

Between July 2020 and January 2021, we consecutively enrolled 65 patients diagnosed with viral hepatitis C cirrhosis. All patients were 18 years or older and diagnosed based on a combination of physical, laboratory, and imaging examinations. Patients with a history of liver surgery such as transplantation, tumors, vascular interventions like transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), congestive hepatopathy, or those who had undergone EV sclerotherapy were excluded to prevent the influence of confounding factors on the study results (Figure 1).

Patients who agreed to participate in our major research study were invited to join this study, and additional procedures involving the Doppler ultrasonography were explained, and written consent was obtained.

2.2. Clinical Data

Prior to conducting ultrasound and endoscopic examinations, demographic data such as age, gender, causes of cirrhosis, and laboratory and biochemical profiles were collected. The data collection process was conducted by a single research doctor who managed and recorded all information independently.

2.3. Ultrasonography

Ultrasound examinations were performed on patients who had fasted for at least 6 hours. Two General Electric LOGIQ™ E10 machines equipped with curvilinear 1-6 MHz abdominal transducers were used. Patients were placed in the supine position, and the splenic long and short axes were measured using grayscale US (Figure 2). Subsequently, patients were positioned in the left lateral semirecumbent position with the right arm elevated above the head and instructed to hold their breath for several seconds. The ultrasound examination was performed using intercostal or subcostal approaches to achieve optimal imaging.

Parameters were measured using a maximal Doppler angle of 60 degrees, with time-averaged velocity calculated over two to three cardiac cycles. Three vessels were scanned, including the main portal vein (MPV), right hepatic vein (RHV), and hepatic artery (HA).

For the MPV, longitudinal scanning was performed approximately 2 cm below the bifurcation to obtain the maximal diameter (Figure 3(a)). The maximal and minimal portal vein velocities (cm/sec) and flow volume (ml/min) were automatically measured (Figure 3(b)). The RHV was measured approximately 4 cm from the insertion into the inferior vena cava to avoid the influence of cardiac reflux on waveform, maximal, and minimal velocities (cm/sec). The waveform was classified as normal triphasic or not (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). The HA was scanned at the level of anterior crossing the MPV for peak systolic velocity (PSV) (cm/sec) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) (cm/sec). The hepatic artery resistive index (HARI) was automatically calculated using the formula: (Figure 5).

Patients who could not hold their breath or had no adequate acoustic window were excluded from the study. Two trained examiners, including one abdominal radiologist with five years of experience and one advanced body imaging fellow, performed the ultrasound scans separately. Each examiner completed the scan within 10 minutes and was blinded to the patients’ clinical data throughout the study.

2.4. Endoscopic Evaluation

Within a month of the ultrasound examination, all patients underwent endoscopic testing performed by an experienced endoscopist with over ten years of experience. The endoscopist recorded the presence and severity of esophageal varices (EV), which were categorized as none (F0), small (F1), medium (F2), or large (F3) based on their appearance and size according to the Japan Research Society for Portal Hypertension [38]. The patients were then divided into two groups: those with no EV and those with any level of EV (F1-F3).

2.5. Data Analysis

We performed all statistical analyses using STATA® (version 16, StataCorp, Texas). We considered a value of <0.05 to be significant. We expressed patients’ characteristics as deviations, range, or percentages as appropriate. To compare the groups with or without EV, we used -test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate with univariable analysis.

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of potential predictors for predicting the presence of EV, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve using the results of endoscopy as the reference standard. We also used multivariable logistic regression to adjust the odd ratio of potential predictors, including sex, platelet count, splenic length, and absence of RHV triphasicity. We reported the prediction model’s performance as the area under the ROC curve.

Furthermore, we evaluated the interobserver agreements of the Doppler US parameters using kappa statistics or intraclass correlation coefficient.

3. Results

Sixty-five individuals with cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis C were included in this study, with a mean age of years. The cohort comprised 28 women (43.08%) and 37 men (56.92%). All patients had mild cirrhosis, as evidenced by a median Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score of 5, which was similar across both groups. The cohort’s average body mass index (BMI) was kg/m².

3.1. Diagnostic Performances of the Doppler Ultrasonography and Clinical Predictors

The results of the study are presented in Tables 1–3. Table 1 shows that 41.54% of patients had EV, with a significantly higher proportion of females than males (57.1% vs. 29.7%, ). Patients with EV had lower platelet counts, with a median of 114,000 per milliliter.

Table 2 presents the univariable analysis of ultrasound indices, demonstrating that the splenic size and absence of normal right hepatic vein triphasic waveform differed significantly between EV and non-EV patients. The splenic length was significantly longer in patients with EV than those without ( vs. , odds ratio 1.37, 95% CI 1.10-1.70, ), as was the short axis (odds ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.11-2.38, ). Additionally, 22.22% of EV patients and 47.37% of non-EV patients had lost RHV triphasicity ().

Table 3 presents the diagnostic accuracy indices of four selected clinical and ultrasound parameters (gender, platelet count, splenic length, and absence of RHV triphasicity) for predicting EV, which demonstrated sensitivities ranging from 59.3% to 81.5% and specificities ranging from 57.4% to 68.4%. The areas under the ROC curves ranged from 0.63 to 0.66.

3.2. The Potential Predictors for Detecting the Presence of EV

In this study, we identified gender, platelet count less than 150,000 per ml, splenic length greater than 11 cm, and absence of right hepatic vein (RHV) triphasicity as potential predictors for the presence of esophageal varices (EV) due to their statistical and clinical significance.

We selected and limited the important variables, such as gender, platelet count, longest splenic length, and RHV triphasicity, using the backward elimination method. For instance, excluding a short splenic axis is employed to avoid having an excessive number of variables that could result in overfitting or impracticality in a clinical setting while ensuring the preservation of diagnostic capability. The measurement of the long splenic axis was chosen as it aligns with common practice in ultrasound assessment.

We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to adjust for the coeffect of these predictors. We found that female gender (, ), platelet count less than 150,000 per ml (, ), splenic length greater than 11 cm (, ), and absence of RHV triphasicity (, ) were independently associated with the presence of EV (Table 4).

The predictive model for EV was calculated as (absent RHV triphasicity). The area under the ROC curves in Figure 6 shows a significantly increased accuracy of the combined predictors with an area under the curve of 0.8017 (95% CI 0.69-0.91, SE 0.056), indicating good predictive ability.

3.3. Interobserver Agreement of the RHV Waveform Evaluation

The interobserver agreement was deemed good, as evidenced by a kappa index of 0.76.

4. Discussion

In our study, we conducted a prospective evaluation of clinical and ultrasound parameters to predict the presence of esophageal varices (EV) in patients with viral hepatitis C cirrhosis. Our multivariate logistic regression analysis identified female gender, platelet count, splenic length, and absence of the right hepatic vein (RHV) waveform as independent factors associated with EV. Our results showed that the prevalence of EV in HCV cirrhosis was 41.54%, which is consistent with previous studies [4, 5] indicating that approximately 50% of cirrhotic patients are at risk of EV development. However, we found that a higher proportion of females with mild cirrhosis had EV compared to males, which contrasts with previous research [39] showing no gender difference in EV prevalence. We suggest that further clinical or primary clinical science studies should investigate this gender effect.

In patients with cirrhotic liver disease, the platelet count is frequently observed to be reduced, a phenomenon attributed to two primary factors: the sequestration of platelets in the spleen and the diminished production of thrombopoietin. Moreover, the hepatitis virus has been shown to have a suppressive effect on bone marrow platelet production [40]. Notably, the platelet count represents a useful noninvasive predictor of esophageal varices (EV) in cirrhotic patients, with a correlation observed between platelet count and EV grading [41]. In particular, a platelet count below 150,000 per ml is associated with a high risk of EV [42]. This observation was confirmed in our study, wherein univariate and multivariate analyses both revealed a significant association between platelet count less than 150,000 per ml and EV.

The development of portal hypertension in hepatic cirrhosis is attributed to the constriction of the portal veins, leading to the accumulation of portal blood flow and increased resistance in the splenic venous outflow, consequently resulting in splenomegaly [35]. Our investigation focused on assessing the splenic size, and we found that a splenic length greater than 11 cm (sensitivity of 70.4%, specificity of 60.5%, and AUROC of 0.65) is indicative of the presence of EV in our study. These results are consistent with prior research, which has established that the extent of splenic enlargement is associated with the occurrence of EV [35, 37, 43–45].

Duplex Doppler ultrasound is widely recognized as the primary diagnostic modality for patients suspected of having portal hypertension [43]. Among the noninvasive techniques utilized in duplex Doppler ultrasound evaluation, the hepatic veins have emerged as an important focus of investigation. Typically, the waveform of the hepatic vein is classified into three patterns [46–49]. The first pattern is the triphasic pattern, which is typical of healthy individuals due to central venous pressure variations associated with the cardiac cycle [50, 51]. The second pattern is the biphasic pattern, which demonstrates no reverse flow and may exhibit decreased phasic oscillation, while the third pattern is the monophasic pattern, which displays a flat waveform. Previous studies have suggested classifying hepatic waveforms into six subtypes [52]. However, we found this classification system to be more complex and subject to greater inter- and intraobserver variability. Therefore, we utilized a simpler system that classified hepatic waveforms into three subtypes.

Previous studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between hepatic venous waveform alterations and hepatic dysfunction [47, 52–57]. These studies have shown that changes in hepatic venous waveform patterns can be indicative of underlying liver diseases, including cirrhosis. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between hepatic venous Doppler waveform patterns and esophageal varices (EV). Our study is aimed at addressing this gap and found that loss of the triphasic hepatic venous waveform is significantly associated with EV in cirrhotic patients with high accuracy. Consistent with previous studies, our findings suggest that the absence of the triphasic hepatic venous waveform may be a predictor of EV [58]. In addition, Baik et al. have reported that flattening of the hepatic venous waveform indicates a high likelihood of severe portal hypertension [32], which is consistent with our results. Our findings suggest that hepatic venous Doppler waveform analysis may be a useful noninvasive tool for identifying cirrhotic patients at risk of developing EV.

According to our result, the hepatic vein waveform classification was superior to the remaining Doppler parameters, which showed no significant correlation with the esophageal varices. These parameters included MPV diameter, maximal and minimal MPV velocity, MPV flow, maximal and minimal RHV velocity, HA PSV and EDV, and HARI. These parameters’ measurements can be easily influenced by a slight error, such as the wrong location of blood flow detection, leading to inaccurate measurements, poor reproducibility, and limiting their clinical usefulness.

Regarding mean platelet volume (MPV) parameters, our study, consistent with previous research, found no significant association between EV and MPV [59–62]. Additionally, we observed increased hepatic artery resistance index (HARI) in cirrhotic patients but without significant correlation with EV, aligning with findings from previous studies [35, 37]. Our study suggests that HARI may not be a reliable predictor for EV in cirrhotic patients. As with other studies in the field, we found that the evaluation of hepatic vein waveform using a simple method allows for reproducibility and potential for widespread clinical use [52, 56, 58].

Our study has several limitations that should be taken into consideration. Firstly, our sample size was relatively small compared to some other studies. This led us to limit the parameters used in the prediction model. Thus, our results should be interpreted with caution and may require further validation in larger populations, including subgroup analyses for different etiologies and disease severities. Secondly, our patient population was limited to those with mild cirrhosis, as evidenced by the median CTP score of 5. Therefore, our findings may not be generalizable to patients with moderate or severe cirrhosis. Thirdly, our study only included patients with viral hepatitis C, which may limit the generalizability of our findings to other etiologies of cirrhosis that can also cause EV. Finally, although our method for evaluating hepatic vein waveform is relatively simple and reproducible, other noninvasive techniques or imaging modalities may be necessary for a comprehensive evaluation of portal hypertension in clinical practice.

In conclusion, our study found that a combination of clinical and Doppler ultrasound features can be used as an effective screening test for predicting the presence of esophageal varices (EV). Specifically, the combination of gender (female), platelet count (<150000 per ml), splenic length (>11 cm), and absent right hepatic vein (RHV) triphasicity, along with the Doppler assessment of the RHV waveform, showed higher diagnostic accuracy than isolated predictors alone. These findings suggest that the use of a combined screening approach could help clinicians identify patients at higher risk for EV, enabling earlier intervention and improved patient outcomes.

Abbreviations

EGD:	Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
PHT:	Portal hypertension
EV:	Esophageal varices
HVPG:	Hepatic venous pressure gradient
US:	Ultrasound
TE:	Transient elastography
SWE:	Shear wave elastography
TIPS:	Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
MPV:	Main portal vein
RHV:	Right hepatic vein
HA:	Hepatic artery
PSV:	Peak systolic velocity
EDV:	End diastolic velocity
HARI:	Hepatic artery resistive index
ROC:	Receiver operating characteristic
AUROC:	Area under ROC curve.

Data Availability

The unidentified clinical and ultrasound measurement data used to support the findings of this study were supplied by Puwitch Charoenchue under license and so cannot be made freely available. Requests for access to these data should be made to Puwitch C. (e-mail: [email protected]).

Ethical Approval

The Ethics Committee of Maharaj Nakhon Chiang Mai Hospital approved our prospective population-analog study (protocol identification number: RAD-2563-07384) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were recruited from the registered major project titled “Liver and Spleen Stiffness by 2-dimensional Shear Wave Elastography to Predict Esophageal Varices in Patients with Hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis” and coded MED-2562-06671.

Prior to enrollment in this study, all patients were informed about the study’s purpose, methods, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before any study-related procedures were performed. To ensure patient privacy, all identifying information, such as name and identification number, was excluded and will not be disclosed in any study reports or publications.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no financial interests or other potential conflicts of interest related to this study. The machines used in the study were standard equipment available for service use in the institute.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the members of the Department of Radiology and the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology for their support throughout this study. Their expert advice and insightful comments greatly contributed to the success of this work. We would also like to extend our thanks to all the supporting personnel who provided their valuable cooperation and assistance. Their dedication and hard work are greatly appreciated. This study was supported by the Department of Radiology and the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University.

References

M. Y. Kim, S. K. Baik, C. J. Yea et al., “Hepatic venous pressure gradient can predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and hyponatremia in decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis,” European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1241–1246, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Y. Kim, H. Choi, S. K. Baik et al., “Portal hypertensive gastropathy: correlation with portal hypertension and prognosis in cirrhosis,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 3561–3567, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Garcia-Tsao and J. K. Lim, “Management and treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: recommendations from the Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center Program and the National Hepatitis C Program,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 104, no. 7, pp. 1802–1829, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Garcia-Tsao, A. J. Sanyal, N. D. Grace, W. Carey, and Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology, “Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis,” Hepatology, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 922–938, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. D'Amico, “Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators,” Hepatology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 599–612, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Merli, G. Nicolini, S. Angeloni et al., “Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 266–272, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Garcia-Tsao, A. J. Sanyal, N. D. Grace, W. D. Carey, and the Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology, “Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 102, no. 9, pp. 2086–2102, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Fukui, H. Saito, Y. Ueno et al., “Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2015,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 629–650, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Garcia-Tsao, J. G. Abraldes, A. Berzigotti, and J. Bosch, “Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases,” Hepatology, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 310–335, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Dzeletovic and T. H. Baron, “History of portal hypertension and endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices,” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 1244–1249, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Bosch, J. G. Abraldes, A. Berzigotti, and J. C. Garcia-Pagan, “The clinical use of HVPG measurements in chronic liver disease,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 573–582, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Addley, T. C. Tham, and W. J. Cash, “Use of portal pressure studies in the management of variceal haemorrhage,” World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 281–289, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Afsar, M. Nadeem, S. A. A. Shah, H. Hussain, A. Rani, and S. Ghaffar, “Platelet count can predict the grade of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: a cross-sectional study,” F1000Res, vol. 10, p. 101, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Kropf, A. M. Gressner, and W. Tittor, “Logistic-regression model for assessing portal hypertension by measuring hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) and laminin in serum,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 30–35, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S.-S. Yang, “Duplex Doppler ultrasonography in portal hypertension,” Journal of Medical Ultrasound, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 103–111, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Sm and B. K. Tripathi, “Platelet count/spleen length ratio to predict the presence of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis,” Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 11-12, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Yu, W. Chen, and Z. Jiang, “Platelet count/spleen volume ratio has a good predictive value for esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis B liver cirrhosis,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 12, article e0260774, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Jamil, M. Malik, and A. A. Durrani, “Platelet count to splenic diameter ratio and other noninvasive markers as predictors of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis,” Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 347–352, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Colli, J. C. Gana, J. Yap et al., “Platelet count, spleen length, and platelet count-to-spleen length ratio for the diagnosis of oesophageal varices in people with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 4, no. 4, article Cd008759, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. González-Ojeda, G. Cervantes-Guevara, M. Chávez-Sánchez et al., “Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio to predict esophageal varices in Mexican patients with hepatic cirrhosis,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 2079–2084, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Ying, X. Lin, Z. L. Xie, Y. P. Hu, and K. Q. Shi, “Performance of platelet count/spleen diameter ratio for diagnosis of esophageal varices in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1672–1681, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. W. Baig, M. V. Nagaraja, M. Varma, and R. Prabhu, “Platelet count to spleen diameter ratio for the diagnosis of esophageal varices: is it feasible?” Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 825–828, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. de Franchis and V. I. F. Baveno, “Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 743–752, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Paternostro, T. Reiberger, and T. Bucsics, “Elastography-based screening for esophageal varices in patients with advanced chronic liver disease,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 308–329, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. A. Lee, S. U. Kim, Y. S. Seo et al., “Prediction of the varices needing treatment with non-invasive tests in patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease,” Liver International, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1071–1079, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. S. Ding, T. Nguyen, D. M. Iser et al., “Liver stiffness plus platelet count can be used to exclude high-risk oesophageal varices,” Liver International, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 240–245, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Merchante, C. Saroli Palumbo, G. Mazzola et al., “Prediction of esophageal varices by liver stiffness and platelets in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and compensated advanced chronic liver disease,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 2810–2817, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
“Abstract,” Hepatology International, vol. 15, no. S1, pp. 1–104, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
“Posters (abstracts 301–2389),” Hepatology, vol. 68, no. S1, pp. 184–1353, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Y. Kim, S. K. Baik, D. H. Park et al., “Damping index of Doppler hepatic vein waveform to assess the severity of portal hypertension and response to propranolol in liver cirrhosis: a prospective nonrandomized study,” Liver International, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1103–1110, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. H. Lutz, N. Gassler, F. W. Tischendorf, C. Trautwein, and J. J. Tischendorf, “Doppler ultrasound of hepatic blood flow for noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis compared with liver biopsy and transient elastography,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2222–2230, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Baik, “Haemodynamic evaluation by Doppler ultrasonography in patients with portal hypertension: a review,” Liver International, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1403–1413, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Bintintan, R. I. Chira, and P. A. Mircea, “Non-invasive ultrasound-based diagnosis and staging of esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis. A systematic review of the literature published in the third millenium,” Medical Ultrasonography, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 116–124, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Mansoor, R. Shaukat, A. N. Chaudhary, and G. Jehan, “Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in predicting presence of esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis-C induced cirrhosis,” Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons–Pakistan, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 612–615, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Chakrabarti, D. Sen, and V. Khanna, “Is non-invasive diagnosis of esophageal varices in patients with compensated hepatic cirrhosis possible by duplex Doppler ultrasonography?” Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 60–66, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Akhavan Rezayat, F. Mansour Ghanaei, A. Alizadeh, A. Shafaghi, and A. Babaei Jandaghi, “Doppler surrogate endoscopy for screening esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis,” Hepatitis Monthly, vol. 14, no. 1, article e11237, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. H. Liu, S. J. Hsu, C. C. Liang et al., “Esophageal varices: noninvasive diagnosis with duplex Doppler US in patients with compensated cirrhosis,” Radiology, vol. 248, no. 1, pp. 132–139, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
“The general rules for recording endoscopic findings on esophageal varices,” The Japanese Journal of Surgery, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 84–87, 1980.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. W. Haukeland, M. C. Smastuen, P. P. Palsdatter et al., “Effect of gender on mortality and causes of death in cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices. A retrospective study in Norway,” PLoS One, vol. 15, no. 3, article e0230263, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Peck-Radosavljevic, “Hypersplenism,” European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 317–323, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Abbasi, N. Butt, A. R. Bhutto, and S. M. Munir, “Correlation of thrombocytopenia with grading of esophageal varices in chronic liver disease patients,” Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons–Pakistan, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 369–372, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Sousa, S. Fernandes, L. Proenca et al., “The Baveno VI criteria for predicting esophageal varices: validation in real life practice,” Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas, vol. 109, no. 10, pp. 704–707, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Piscaglia, G. Donati, L. Cecilioni et al., “Influence of the spleen on portal haemodynamics: a non-invasive study with Doppler ultrasound in chronic liver disease and haematological disorders,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1220–1227, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Madhotra, H. E. Mulcahy, I. Willner, and A. Reuben, “Prediction of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis,” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 81–85, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. H. Chang, J. H. Sohn, T. Y. Kim et al., “Non-endoscopic predictors of large esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis,” The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 376–383, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
S. K. Baik, J. W. Kim, H. S. Kim et al., “Recent variceal bleeding: Doppler US hepatic vein waveform in assessment of severity of portal hypertension and vasoactive drug response,” Radiology, vol. 240, no. 2, pp. 574–580, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Bhutto, A. Abbasi, N. Butt, A. Khan, and S. M. Munir, “Hepatic vein waveform in liver cirrhosis: correlation with child's class and size of varices,” The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 794–797, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. H. Scheinfeld, A. Bilali, and M. Koenigsberg, “Understanding the spectral Doppler waveform of the hepatic veins in health and disease,” Radiographics, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 2081–2098, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Antil, B. Sureka, M. K. Mittal, A. Malik, B. Gupta, and B. B. Thukral, “Hepatic venous waveform, splenoportal and damping index in liver cirrhosis: correlation with Child Pugh's score and oesophageal varices,” Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, vol. 10, no. 2, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. A. Coulden, D. J. Lomas, P. Farman, and P. D. Britton, “Doppler ultrasound of the hepatic veins: normal appearances,” Clinical Radiology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 223–227, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. M. Abu-Yousef, “Normal and respiratory variations of the hepatic and portal venous duplex Doppler waveforms with simultaneous electrocardiographic correlation,” Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 263–268, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ohta, M. Hashizume, M. Tomikawa, K. Ueno, K. Tanoue, and K. Sugimachi, “Analysis of hepatic vein waveform by Doppler ultrasonography in 100 patients with portal hypertension,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 170–175, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Bolondi, S. Li Bassi, S. Gaiani et al., “Liver cirrhosis: changes of Doppler waveform of hepatic veins,” Radiology, vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 513–516, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Farrant and H. B. Meire, “Hepatic vein pulsatility assessment on spectral Doppler ultrasound,” The British Journal of Radiology, vol. 70, no. 836, pp. 829–832, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. von Herbay, T. Frieling, and D. Haussinger, “Association between duplex Doppler sonographic flow pattern in right hepatic vein and various liver diseases,” Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 25–30, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Kok, E. J. van der Jagt, E. B. Haagsma, C. M. Bijleveld, P. L. Jansen, and W. J. Boeve, “The value of Doppler ultrasound in cirrhosis and portal hypertension,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement, vol. 230, no. 230, pp. 82–88, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Colli, M. Cocciolo, C. Riva et al., “Abnormalities of Doppler waveform of the hepatic veins in patients with chronic liver disease: correlation with histologic findings,” AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 833–837, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Joseph, M. Madhavan, K. Devadas, and V. K. Ramakrishnannair, “Doppler assessment of hepatic venous waves for predicting large varices in cirrhotic patients,” Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 36–39, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Chowanetz, R. Balk, and B. Jany, “Differential effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on P_0.1 and mean inspiratory flow,” Respiration, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 94–102, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Nada, F. Samira el, B. Bahija, I. Adil, and A. Nourdine, “Noninvasive predictors of presence and grade of esophageal varices in viral cirrhotic patients,” The Pan African Medical Journal, vol. 20, p. 145, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. M. Zardi, V. Uwechie, U. V. Gentilucci et al., “Portal diameter in the diagnosis of esophageal varices in 266 cirrhotic patients: which role?” Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 506–511, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Mittal, R. Gupta, G. Mittal, and V. Kalia, “Association between portal vein color Doppler findings and the severity of disease in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension,” Iranian Journal of Radiology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 211–217, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Puwitch Charoenchue et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

364

Downloads

307

Citations