Review Article
Toll-Like Receptors and Myocardial Inflammation
Table 1
TLR ligands: PAMPs versus DAMPs.
| TLRs | PAMPs | Pathogens | Ref. | DAMPs | Ref. |
| TLR2 | Lipopeptides | Bacteria | [14] | HSP60 | [15] | Peptidoglycan | Gram+ bacteria | [16, 17] | HSP70 | [18, 19] | Lipoteichoic acid | Gram+ bacteria | [17] | Gp96 | [20] | LPS | Leptospira interrogans | [21] | HMGB1 | [22] | Lipoarabinomannan | Mycobacteria | [23, 24] | bioglycan | [25] | Zymosan | Fungi | [26] | versican | [27] | Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors | Trypanosoma | [28] | Hyaluronan fragments | [29] | Hemagglutinin protein | Measles virus | [30] | | |
| TLR3 | Double-stranded RNA | virus | [31] |
mRNA | [32] | Poly(I:C) | | [31] | | | Small interfering RNAs | | [33] | | |
|
TLR4 |
LPS |
Gram− bacteria |
[34, 35] |
HSP60, HSP70, HSP72, HSP22, gp96 | [15, 18–20, 36–39] |
HMGB1 | [22] |
fibronectin, biglycan, tenascin-C, and versican | [25, 40, 41] |
Hyaluronan, lower molecular weight HA, and heparin sulfate | [42–44] |
| TLR5 | flagellin | Bacteria flagella | [45] | | |
| TLR7 | Single-stranded RNA | | [46] | | | Imidazoquinoline compounds | virus | [47] | ssRNA | [48] | Guanine analogs | | [49] | | |
| TLR8 | Single-stranded RNA | virus | [50] | ssRNA | [48] |
| TLR9 | Unmethylated CpG DNA motif | Bacteria, virus | [51] | Chromatin-IgG complex | [52] |
| TLR11 | Profilin-like molecule | Toxoplasma gondii | [53] | | | | | Uropathogenic bacteria | [54] | | |
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