The PTP1B Inhibitor Trodusquemine (MSI-1436) Improves Glucose Uptake in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Liver through Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Activity

Figure 1

Inhibition of PTP1B with MSI-1436 alleviates inflammation in the liver and PBMC derived from EMS horses. (a) Relative gene expression of master mediators involved in inflammatory responses in liver tissue. (b) Relative gene expression of proinflammatory factors analyzed in equine PBMC. (c) Total levels of IL-1β and TNF-β proteins in the liver and PBMC lysates. (d) Relative protein expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 cytokines accompanied with their representative immunoblots for the liver and PBMC samples. Results were normalized to the expression of endogenous β-actin control. (e) Relative expression of key microRNA regulating proinflammatory responses determined in both liver and PBMC groups. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown ± SD (n = 3). An asterisk () indicates a comparison among healthy, EMS, and EMS-treated groups.  < 0.05,  < 0.01, and  < 0.001. Eq Liver_HE: liver explants derived from healthy horses; Eq Liver_EMS: untreated liver explants derived from EMS horses. Eq Liver_EMS + 1 µM MSI-1436: liver explants derived from EMS horses and treated with 1 µM of MSI-1436 inhibitor. Eq PBMCr_HE: PBMC derived from healthy horses; Eq PBMC_EMS: untreated PBMC derived from EMS horses. Eq PBMC_EMS + 1 µM MSI-1436: PBMC derived from EMS horses and treated with 1 µM of MSI-1436 inhibitor.

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