The PTP1B Inhibitor Trodusquemine (MSI-1436) Improves Glucose Uptake in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Liver through Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Activity

Figure 2

MSI-1436 ameliorates anti-inflammatory signals in livers and PBMC affected by EMS. (a) Relative liver IL-4 and IL-10 protein expression. Results were normalized to the expression of endogenous β-actin control. (b) Levels of IL-4 and IL-10 transcripts in liver and PBMC samples. Relative expression of anti-inflammatory microRNAs in (c) liver and (d) PBMC groups. (e) Gating strategy for PBMCs flow cytometric analysis of CD4⁺, CD25⁺ and Foxp3⁺ T cells. Signal representative of stained markers: FITC (CD4), AF700 (CD25), and PE (FOXP3). The population of CD4/CD25/Foxp3 cells appears in Q2 quadrant. (f) Bar charts depicting the total percentage of CD4⁺, CD25⁺, Foxp3⁺, and triple positive CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ cells. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown ± SD (n = 3). An asterisk () indicates a comparison among healthy, EMS, and EMS-treated groups.  < 0.05,  < 0.01, and  < 0.001. Eq Liver_HE: liver explants derived from healthy horses; Eq Liver_EMS: untreated liver explants derived from EMS horses. Eq Liver_EMS + 1 µM MSI-1436: liver explants derived from EMS horses and treated with 1 µM of MSI-1436 inhibitor. Eq PBMCr_HE: PBMC derived from healthy horses; Eq PBMC_EMS: untreated PBMC derived from EMS horses. Eq PBMC_EMS + 1 µM MSI-1436: PBMC derived from EMS horses and treated with 1 µM of MSI-1436 inhibitor.

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