Differentially Expressed Genes Analysis in the Human Small Airway Epithelium of Healthy Smokers Shows Potential Risks of Disease Caused by Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and the Potentiality of Astaxanthin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent
Table 1
DEGs in Nrf2-associated human small airway epithelium of smoker vs nonsmokers compared with changes in gene/protein expression due to AST administration taken from CTD [16].
DEG smokers vs nonsmoker ()
log2 (fold change)
Regulation
Astaxanthin-gene interaction
Regulation
SPP1
2.024
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of SPP1 mRNA)
Down
TKT
1.12
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of TKT mRNA)
Down
PRDX1
0.83
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of PRDX1 mRNA)
Down
BECN1
0.829
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (bisphenol A results in increased expression of BECN1 protein)
Down
CYBB
0.716
Up
Astaxanthin results in decreased expression of CYBB mRNA
Down
ND6
0.715
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of ND6 mRNA)
Down
COX5B
0.715
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of COX5B mRNA)
Down
GPX3
0.699
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of GPX3 mRNA)
Down
UQCRC2
0.635
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of UQCRC2 mRNA)
Down
HDAC6
0.626
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (lipopolysaccharide, E coli O55-B5 results in increased expression of HDAC6 mRNA)
Down
FOXO3
0.600
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of FOXO3 mRNA)
Down
GATA4
0.574
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction ((oxadiazon cotreated with butachlor) results in increased expression of GATA4 mRNA)
Down
IL1B
0.556
Up
Astaxanthin results in decreased expression of IL1B protein
Down
SKAP2
0.555
Up
Astaxanthin results in decreased expression of SKAP2 mRNA
Down
HDAC2
0.532
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (lipopolysaccharide, E coli O55-B5 results in increased expression of HDAC2 protein)
Down
IDH1
0.511
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of IDH1 mRNA)
Down
SOD1
0.51
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of SOD1 mRNA)
Down
CTSS
0.471
Up
Astaxanthin results in decreased expression of CTSS mRNA
Down
BAX
0.459
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (hydrogen peroxide results in increased expression of BAX mRNA)
Down
COX5A
0.437
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of COX5A mRNA)
Down
CSF2
0.428
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (lipopolysaccharide, E coli O55-B5 results in increased expression of CSF2 protein)
Down
UBB
0.336
Up
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction (LEPR gene mutant form results in increased expression of UBB mRNA)
Down
ARG1
ā0.537
Down
Astaxanthin inhibits the reaction ((vehicle emissions results in increased abundance of particulate matter) which results in decreased expression of ARG1 mRNA)
