Corporal Punishment of Children in Nine Countries as a Function of Child Gender and Parent Gender

Table 3

Means (standard deviations) for parents’ reports of the frequency of their corporal punishment use in last year.

	Spank, slap, or hit						Grab or shake
	Mother	Father	Parent gender F	Daughter	Son	Child gender 𝐹	Mother	Father	Parent gender 𝐹	Daughter	Son	Child gender 𝐹
China	1.85 (.92)	1.67 (.80)	7.37^∗	1.65 (.65)	1.88 (.68)	7.59^∗	1.42 (.74)	1.45 (.75)	.16	1.40 (.51)	1.47 (.56)	.76
Colombia	2.08 (1.15)	1.75 (.98)	6.47^∗	1.99 (.89)	1.82 (.82)	1.02	1.92 (1.12)	1.56 (.87)	7.69^∗	1.65 (.68)	1.84 (.84)	1.75
Italy	2.22 (1.16)	1.80 (.95)	28.11^∗	1.93 (.93)	2.11 (.90)	1.39	2.09 (1.21)	1.78 (1.01)	5.87^∗	1.97 (.95)	1.99 (.94)	.29
Jordan	2.54 (1.20)	2.20 (1.09)	10.38^∗	2.10 (.99)	2.61 (.98)	8.53^∗	2.42 (1.46)	2.31 (1.39)	.74	2.01 (1.17)	2.61 (1.33)	5.32^∗
Kenya	3.36 (.86)	2.85 (.97)	14.30^∗	3.01 (.73)	3.26 (.61)	3.11	1.84 (1.12)	1.85 (1.22)	.12	1.78 (.86)	1.95 (.89)	.90
Philippines	2.36 (1.19)	2.13 (1.15)	4.06^∗	2.19 (1.08)	2.34 (.98)	.10	1.79 (1.06)	1.64 (1.08)	.49	1.74 (.92)	1.72 (.78)	.01
Sweden	1.03 (.17)	1.03 (.16)	.37	1.05 (.19)	1.02 (.14)	3.65	1.39 (.65)	1.51 (.74)	6.02^∗	1.39 (.53)	1.53 (.75)	.17
Thailand	1.80 (.92)	1.65 (.95)	1.59	1.67 (.75)	1.84 (.87)	1.13	1.24 (.52)	1.26 (.69)	.02	1.25 (.44)	1.24 (.54)	.31
U.S.A.	1.86 (.96)	1.61 (.81)	4.13^∗	1.79 (.86)	1.81 (.89)	.24	1.31 (.70)	1.27 (.67)	.14	1.23 (.55)	1.37 (.69)	5.95^∗

^∗𝑃<.05.
Note. Values are means, standard deviations, and F-tests from repeated measures analyses of variance with parent gender as the within-subjects factor and child gender as the between-subjects factor. Significant Parent Gender X Child Gender interactions for spanking, slapping, or hitting in Colombia and Kenya are described in the text. Frequency of corporal punishment was rated as 1=never, 2=lessthanonceamonth, 3=aboutonceamonth,4=aboutonceaweek,and5=almosteveryday.