Morale in Old Age and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Social, and Health-Related Factors in Different Age Groups
Table 3
Estimated effects of age and sociodemographic, social, and health-related factors on morale according to linear regression models (n = 6460).
Variable
Categories
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Standardized estimate
Standardized estimate
Standardized estimate
Standardized estimate
Age group
66-year-oldsa
71-year-olds
−0.065
−0.066
−0.073
−0.046
76-year-olds
−0.129
−0.125
−0.120
−0.078
81-year-olds
−0.170
−0.165
−0.141
−0.088
86-year-olds
−0.174
−0.165
−0.135
−0.075
Gender
Mana
Woman
−0.072
−0.066
−0.046
Educational level
Lowera
Higher
0.006
0.002
−0.007
Marital status
Singlea
In a relationship
0.048
−0.010
0.004
Region
Västerbotten, Swedena
Swedish-speakers in Ostrobothnia, Finland
−0.015
−0.016
−0.015
Finnish-speakers in Ostrobothnia and Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland
0.003
0.022
0.002
Place of residence
Urbana
Semiurban
−0.018
−0.015
−0.004
Rural
0.009
0.005
0.001
Born in the same place as you live now
Noa
Yes
0.022
0.009
0.018
Making ends meet
With difficultiesa
Without difficulties
0.217
0.153
0.093
Contacts with children and grandchildren
Less frequenta
Frequent
0.043
0.032
Contacts with friends and neighbors
Less frequenta
Frequent
0.033
0.026
Trust in friends and neighbors
Lowa
High
0.114
0.068
Number of confidants
0-1a
2 or more
0.043
0.021
Active membership in an association
None or passivea
1 or more
0.076
0.034
Perceived loneliness
Noa
Yes
−0.305
−0.144
Gone through a crisis during the preceding year
Noa
Yes
−0.221
−0.134
Impaired vision
Noa
Yes
0.001
Impaired hearing
Noa
Yes
−0.018
Stroke
Noa
Yes
−0.029
Pain
Noa
Yes
−0.057
Sleeping well
Noa
Yes
0.154
Own teeth
Noa
Yes
−0.013
Independent in IADL
Noa
Yes
0.063
Independent in PADL
Noa
Yes
−0.006
Self-rated health
Higha
Poor
−0.180
Depression
Noa
Yes
−0.295
Adjusted R square
0.048
0.108
0.297
0.473
R square changed
0.061
0.189
0.176
Note. Standardized betas are reported. Model 1 describes the association between age and PGCMS scores using dummy variables for each age group. Model 2 includes additionally sociodemographic variables. Model 3 includes also the social variables, and Model 4 includes additionally the health-related variables. aReference category. PGCMS: Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; PADL: Personal Activities of Daily Living. ,, and .