Morale in Old Age and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Social, and Health-Related Factors in Different Age Groups
Table 4
Estimated joint effects of age and different sociodemographic, social, and health-related variables on morale (n = 6460).
Variable
Categories
66-year-olds
71-year-olds
76-year-olds
81-year-olds
86-year-olds
Standardized estimate
Standardized estimate
Standardized estimate
Standardized estimate
Standardized estimate
Gender
Mana
Woman
−0.041
−0.025
−0.022
−0.041
−0.007
Educational level
Lowera
Higher
−0.008
−0.021
0.008
−0.003
0.011
Marital status
Singlea
In a relationship
0.025
−0.009
−0.017
0.024
−0.009
Region
Västerbotten, Swedena
Swedish-speakers in Ostrobothnia, Finland
−0.021
−0.013
0.009
−0.004
0.017
Finnish-speakers in Ostrobothnia and Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland
−0.001
−0.002
0.013
−0.007
0.000
Place of residence
Urbana
Semiurban
−0.005
0.003
−0.004
0.002
−0.007
Rural
−0.017
0.009
0.009
0.001
0.012
Born in the same place as you live now
Noa
Yes
0.006
0.018
0.009
0.010
−0.002
Making ends meet
With difficultiesa
Without difficulties
0.084
0.075
0.050
0.086
0.019
Contacts with children and grandchildren
Less frequenta
Frequent
0.023
0.029
0.007
0.016
0.027
Contacts with friends and neighbors
Less frequenta
Frequent
0.039
0.018
−0.001
−0.021
0.023
Trust in friends and neighbors
Lowa
High
0.042
0.073
0.054
0.032
0.024
Number of confidants
0-1a
2 or more
0.025
0.023
0.008
0.015
0.003
Active membership in an association
None or passivea
1 or more
0.015
0.022
0.047
0.011
−0.002
Perceived loneliness
Noa
Yes
−0.095
−0.075
−0.063
−0.061
−0.026
Gone through a crisis during the preceding year
Noa
Yes
−0.096
−0.105
−0.063
−0.060
−0.033
Impaired vision
Noa
Yes
−0.010
0.000
0.001
0.010
0.003
Impaired hearing
Noa
Yes
−0.008
−0.004
−0.011
−0.009
−0.010
Stroke
Noa
Yes
−0.019
−0.011
−0.014
−0.011
−0.014
Pain
Noa
Yes
−0.043
−0.029
−0.027
−0.052
−0.021
Sleeping well
Noa
Yes
0.151
0.119
0.124
0.124
0.039
Own teeth
Noa
Yes
0.002
−0.021
−0.003
−0.010
−0.015
Independent in IADL
Noa
Yes
0.072
0.052
0.036
0.017
0.019
Independent in PADL
Noa
Yes
−0.032
−0.015
0.010
0.015
−0.022
Self-rated health
Higha
Poor
−0.116
−0.108
−0.094
−0.078
−0.057
Depression
Noa
Yes
−0.169
−0.178
−0.120
−0.114
−0.093
Note. Standardized betas are reported. Estimates for the joint effect of age group and each explanatory variable are presented row-wise in the table. Separate models were calculated for each joint effect, while adjusting for the main effects of all the other explanatory variables. The joint effects were estimated within the age groups, not between them. The estimates for each joint effect were calculated by switching the reference categories, meaning that the row-wise values reported are in relation to reference categories within each age group, i.e., 66-year-old men are, for example, the reference category to 66-year-old women. a Reference category. PGCMS: Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; PADL: Personal Activities of Daily Living. ,, and .