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| Study | Intervention type | Intervention summary details | Group size | Session length and frequency (min/week) | Total sessions (n) | Training format | Equipment | Space required | Facilitator details | Costs | Venue type |
|
| [28] Anderson-Hanley et al. | Cybercycle exergame group | 3D tours via a virtual reality display on the recumbent bike. Competition promoted. Details of the specific 3D tours played not reported. Link was provided to appendixes; however irrelevant webpage appears. Not reporting if rides were challenging. Low intensity | 38 | Gradually increased ∼45 min × 3 | Min 25 rides | Not reported | Indoor stationary recumbent bikes | Adequate space for the bikes | Not reported | Not reported | 8 independent living facilities |
| [29] Eggenberger et al. | Dance exergame | Learnt different stepping sequences via an interactive video game. Specific exergames played not reported. Progressively difficult stepping patterns | 22 | 30/3x | 24 | 2 participants practised in exergame at the same time using the same screen | StepMania software installed on a screen. Ropes hanging from above to maintain balance. Two 1 × 1 m impact dance platforms with 4 pressure sensitive areas, positioned side by side | Adequate space to perform exergame | 2 trained postgraduate students led groups of 4 | Not reported | Geriatrische Klinik (geriatric clinic) |
| [30] Esmail et al. | Dance/movement training | Different themes explored through expressive movements and guided gestures.
How themes were explored in sessions and specific movements not reported. Challenge or training intensity not reported | 23 | 60/3x | 36 | Group format of 4–8 participants | Props including Octaband, CoOper Blanket, Elastablast, colourful scarves, exercise balls, TheraBand & exercise balls.
Music to accompany sessions | Space of ∼4.5 m × 10 m | Registered dance movement therapist or a supervised trainee, with additional training | Not reported | Gym facility at a geriatric institution research centre |
| [31] Hars et al. | Music-based multitask exercise classes | Different multitask exercises executed to the rhythm of piano music. Few exercises identified. Type of music and rhythmic patterns not reported. The difficulty of exercises progressively increased | 66 | 60/1x | 25 | Exercises performed individually or in groups | Piano music
objects | Adequate space for sessions | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| [32] Kitazawa et al. | Net step exercise | Memorised and practiced different net step exercises with and without singing. Schedule of net step exercises detailed in appendix of study. Encouraging atmosphere promoted. Increasingly difficult net step designs | 30 | 60/1x | 8 | Group format of ∼10 people. One participant practised at a time, whilst others were seated around the Fumanet | One 4 × 1.5 m Fumanet net comprised of 50 cm × 50 cm squares arranged in a 3 × 8 grid. Columns labelled A, B, C | Rows numbered 1–8. Every square assigned a coordinate.
Illustrations of exercises provided to instructors | Adequate space for group sessions | 10 volunteers given 6 hr lectures on exercise and received net step exercise accreditation. Following a protocol | Transport provided for all sessions & assessments |
| [33] Li et al. | Tai Chi Quan exercise | Learnt 8 modified Tai Chi Quan forms with built-in variations and integrated therapeutic movement exercises. Specific exercises described in detail in the protocol. Increased intensity of exercises | 224 | 60 min/ 2x | 48 | Group format of 9–21 participants in each session | Not reported | Adequate space for group sessions | Not reported | Costs for all study expenses: $202,949 ($906 per person) | 15 class sites at community centres, churches, or nonprofit organisation in 7 cities in Oregon |
| [34] Monteiro-Junior et al. | Exergame Wii group | 6 games performed with virtual feedback. Reporting specific selected games. Specific movements associated with the games not reported. Challenge or training intensity not reported | 9 | 30–45/1x | 1 | Not reported | All 6 games selected from Wii fit plus and EA sports active games | Adequate space to perform movements | Supervised by sports medicine professional or physiotherapist | Not reported | Not reported |
| [35] Mortimer et al. | Tai Chi group | Warmup, Tai Chi, and cooldown exercises. Specific Tai Chi exercises not reported. Challenge or training intensity not reported | 30 | 50/3x | 120 | Group format | Not reported | Open space to practise Tai Chi | 1 TC master & assistant | Not reported | Jing an park or gymnasium |
| [36] Noice and Noice | Theatre group | Specific increasingly demanding theatrical exercises; nature not reported. No memorisation of lines. Held scripts during rehearsal and performance. Noncompetitive atmosphere. The specific exercises involved in experiments 1 and 2 are not reported | Exp 1:
38
Exp 2:
17 | 70/2x | 8 | Group format | Scripts | Adequate space for group sessions | Experiment 1:
experienced assistant activity director Experiment 2:
1 experienced acting teacher. E-mail descriptions, calls, and in person conversations prior to each class | $40 for completion of all sessions
All 3 homes similar in cost | 3 retirement homes |
| [37] Norouzi et al. | Motor-cognition dual-task group | Simultaneous resistance training plus 12 cognitive tasks. Specific tasks reported. Challenge or training intensity not reported | 20 | 60–80/3x | 12 | Not reported | Isokinetic exercise device.
Props: cards, visual images, word lists | Adequate space for sessions | Trained clinical physiotherapists supervised resistance training | Not reported | Not reported |
| [38] Schoene et al. | Exergame group | 4 multilevel games played through an interactive training system consisting of a step pad interacting with video game technology. Specific games played and how the step pad interacted for each game reported. Encouraging to progress to higher levels to ensure games were sufficiently challenging | 39 | 20/3x | 48 | Individually played | Interactive training system.
Home television screens required for installation | Adequate living room space to play the 4 games | Unsupervised. Individually instructed on how to operate the system in a 90 min session.
Phone calls made and home visits offered if requested | Not reported | The 4 games were played on standard television screens in the homes of the participants |
| [39] Silsupadol et al. | Balance and cognitive tasks | Examples of 3 cognitive and balance tasks reported. Equal focus to balance and cognitive tasks. Challenge or training intensity not reported | 8 | 45/3x | 12 | Individualised sessions | Not reported | Adequate space to perform exercises | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| [40] Sungkarat et al. | Tai Chi group | Warm up, 10-form Tai Chi principles, and cool down exercises. Specific movements practised in classes and in the 50 min video not reported. Challenge or training intensity not reported | 33 | 50/3x | TC classes: 9
TC exercises at home: 36 | Group format of 6-7 participants for TC classes and individual TC exercises at home | 50 min TC video
Logbook | Adequate space for group TC classes.
Adequate space at home to complete TC home exercises | Classes led by certified Tai Chi instructor.
Unsupervised Tai Chi home exercises.
50 min video provided to complete Tai Chi home exercises | Not reported | Weeks 1-3: classes held in exercise room at department of physical therapy.
Weeks 4-15: practising Tai Chi at home. |
| [41] Tsang et al. | Qigong exercise group | 10 qigong movements completed 2/3 times each session in sitting or standing styles. Program development reported. Movements and breathing techniques reported. Intensity not reported | 69 | 60/2x | 24 | Group format | Not reported | Adequate space for group sessions | 5 qualified Qigong instructors | Not reported | Not reported |
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