|
| Study | Intervention type | Age (years) | Average BMI (kg/m2) | Health status | Original functioning (physical activity levels, mobility, preexisting routines, and everyday functioning in daily activities) | Original cognitive status | Living situation | Risk status (falls and frailty) |
|
| [28] Anderson-Hanley et al. | Cybercycle exergame group | ≥75 | 29 | No neurological conditions and written physician approval | Adequate cybercycle functionality
Average kcal/day reported | 42% with mild cognitive impairment diagnosis | Independent living centres | Not reported |
| [29] Eggenberger et al. | Dance exergame | >65 | 24.4 | No recent head injury and consent from physician for chronic/terminal illnesses | Ability to walk for approximately 10 min on a treadmill.
Average treadmill walking speed reported | No Alzheimer’s disease/dementia diagnosis | Independent or senior residence facilities | Not reported |
| [30] Esmail et al. | Dance/movement training | >60 | Not reported | Range of medications reported. No known conditions; no hormone therapy, smokers, or general anaesthetic taken recently. Some reported family history of cognitive disorder. Good hearing and vision reported | <150 min/week of moderate intensity and structured exercise.
No mobility limitations or neuropsychologically tested.
≤2 standard measures of alcohol pre day reported.
Ability to complete ADLs and IADLs | Cognitively intact.
Mini-Mental score of ≤24 were excluded | Not reported | Some reported falls in the last year.
Not frail |
| [31] Hars et al. | Music-based multitask exercise classes | >65 | 26 | Some reported having psychotropic medications; prostheses; tendon rupture; vision problems; low comorbidities; cardiac, nervous system, and balance disorders | Average kcal/week and Timed Up and Go assessment scores reported | Cognitively intact
Mini-Mental score >25 | Not reported | Some reported falls in the last year.
Physically frail |
| [32] Kitazawa et al. | Net step exercise | >70 | Not reported | No severe heart failure, dementia, cognitive and physical conditions | Self-reported ability to walk independently >10 min without sitting or using assistive devices. No net step exercise and ability to drive prior to intervention. Timed Up and Go assessment score reported | Cognitively intact | Not reported | Not reported |
| [33] Li et al. | Tai Chi Quan exercise | >70 | 29.2 | No major medical and physical conditions. Some reported having chronic conditions and taking multiple medications.
Approval from practitioner to participate in intervention | Impaired mobility but ability to walk 1/2 blocks with or without assistive devices. Timed Up and Go assessment score reported. No daily/structured physical activity, >15 min walking, or muscle strengthening activities done recently | Dementia
Mini-Mental score ≤20 | Not reported | All had at least one fall recently |
| [34] Monteiro-Junior et al. | Exergame Wii group | >65 | 66 | Some reported taking multiple medications.
No cardiovascular conditions, acute musculoskeletal injury, delirium but some reported having diseases | Independent ambulation | Mild cognitive impairment.
Ability to communicate.
Mini-Mental score between 22 & 25 | Long-term care | Not reported |
| [35] Mortimer et al. | Tai Chi group | >60 | Not reported | No stroke, neurological conditions, contradictions for MRI. Some reported being smokers | No participation in vigorous exercise or Tai Chi practice. Excluded if unable to walk unassisted for 2 km or maintain balance.
Average time spent exercising reported | Cognitively intact.
No cognitive impairment/dementia.
Mini-Mental score >26 | Not reported | Not reported |
| [36] Noice and Noice | Theatre group | >68 | Not reported | Some reported taking multiple medications.
No conditions affecting participation reported.
Ability to hear instructions and read large type scripts | Ability to stand and move about for few minutes with or without assistive devices.
Sufficient everyday functioning to participate in theatre exercises | Ability to comprehend instructions and execute movements to communicate meaning of the scene | Independent living sections or assisted living units | Not reported |
| [37] Norouzi et al. | Motor-cognition
Dual-task group | ≥65 | Not reported | No lower extremity injuries, myocardial infarction, uncontrolled blood pressure, Alzheimer’s disease, visual impairment, mental and neurological conditions | Ability to stand upright for ≥2 min and walk 20 m without auxiliary equipment.
Good physical activity status.
Physical activity levels reported | Cognitively intact.
Mini-Mental score ≥ 24 | Not reported | Not reported |
| [38] Schoene et al. | Exergame group | >70 | Not reported | Some reported taking multiple medications.
No major lower extremity pain, corrected vision of less than 6/16, colour-blindness, cognitive, neurocognitive and unstable conditions.
Low functional comorbidity reported | Ability to walk with or without a walking aid and step unassisted on a step pad | Cognitively intact and mild cognitive impairment.
Mini-Cog score >3 | Independent living apartments of retirement villages | Some reported falls and concerns about falling |
| [39] Silsupadol et al. | Simultaneous motor and cognitive dual-task group | ≥65 | Not reported | No neurological and musculoskeletal diagnosis reported.
All reported having balance impairment | Berg balance scale average score of <52 and/or walking with a self-selected gait speed of ≤1.1 m/s included | Cognitively intact
Mini-Mental score >24 | Not reported | Not reported |
| [40] Sungkarat et al. | Tai Chi group | >65 | 23.9 | Some reported taking multiple medications.
No neurological, depressive symptoms, acute & chronic conditions, or drugs taken for cognition | Physical ability to participate in intervention.
Excluding individuals who engaged in regular exercise ≤30 min/day, ≤3 days per week | Amnestic multiple-domain mild cognitive impairment.
Adequate memory and ability to comprehend instructions.
Mini-Mental score >26 | Not reported | Some reported falls in the last year |
| [41] Tsang et al. | Qigong exercise group | >80 | Not reported | Not reported | Able to walk with or without assistive devices | Mild dementia.
Mini-Mental score >23 | Residential care facilities or day centres | Frail |
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