Evaluation of a High-Accuracy Indoor-Positioning System with Wi-Fi Time of Flight (ToF) and Deep Learning

Table 1

The characteristics of IPS underlying technologies.

Parameters	Technologies
	Bluetooth	Wi-Fi	Zigbee	UWB	RFID
Typical accuracy	2–5 m [16]	<5 m [16]	RSSI	<50 cm [16]	<2 m [16]
Transmission range	∼30 m [17]	∼50 m [17]	10–100 m [18]	10 m [18]	<100 m^1
Power consumption	Very low [19]	Moderate [19]	Low [19]	Ultralow [18]	High [20]
Embedded in smart phones	Yes	Yes	No	Uncommon	Uncommon
Deployment cost	Moderate	Low [17]	Moderate	High [19]	Depends^2

¹The transmission range of RFID is below 100 m in free space [20]. ²The deployment cost of an RFID-based IPS depends on the utilized positionning algorithm [21].