Review on Medical Applications of Manganese Oxide (Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, and Mn⁴⁺) Magnetic Nanoparticles

Table 1

Synthesis of various manganese nanoparticles and their properties.

S. no.	Material	Method	Precursor	Temperature (°C)	Size (nm)	Shape	References
1	α-, β-, γ-, and δ- MnO2 single crystal nanowires/nanorods	Liquid-phase oxidation method	MnSO4·H2O, (NH4)2S2O8, KMnO4	120–180	5 ± 20 and 40 ± 100	Ribbonlike nanowires	[52]
2	α-MnO2 and δ-MnO2	Hydrothermal treatment	KMnO4, HNO3	70	35–50	Nanoneedle structure	[54]
3	α-MnO2, γ-MnOOH, and Mn3O4	Hydrothermal	—	60	∼500	Nanoflower-like	[55]
4	α-MnO2	Simple hydrothermal	KMnO4	60	100–1,000	Long needle-like shape	[56]
5	Nd2O3/Mn3O4 nanocomposites	Sol–gel method	MnSO4·H2O and KMnO4	900	30–400	Spherical	[59]
6	MnO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)	Hydrothermal	KMnO4	−40	0.21−0.22	Birnessite-type	[60]
7	MnO2, MnO4, MnO7	Gel formation process	KMnO4	400–700	32.7, 28.3	Spherical	[64]
8	Manganese oxide	Pulse reverse electrodeposition technique	Manganese acetate	—	∼400 nm	Flower petals	[67]
9	MnO2/VACNTs	Pulsed current electrodeposition method	—	50	∼500	Spherical	[68]
10	MnO2	Coprecipitation method	KMnO4	400	20–80	Tetragonal	[71]
11	Manganese oxide nanofoam	Pulsed laser deposition	—	300, 400, 500	10	Foam like	[77]
12	MnO2	Laser ablation method	—	—	90–160	Spherical shape	[78]
13	MnO2	Cyclic voltammetry method	Mn(CH3COO)2 and Na2SO4	60	0.21–0.26	Short staggered nanorod shape	[103]
14	MnO2 films	Electrochemical deposition method	Mn(CH3COO)2 and Na2SO4	60	20–50 nm in diameter	Spherical	[104]
15	Manganese oxide (α-MnO2) nanoparticles	Chemical precipitation method	Manganese chloride, KMnO4	500	41.49	Spherical	[105]
16	γ-MnO2 (Nsutite) nanoparticles	Sol–gel technique	—	100	—	Rice-like morphology	[106]
17	δ-MnO2 nanosheet array	One-step electrodeposition	—	—	—	Nanosheet structures	[107]
18	MnO nanoparticles cobalt–manganese oxide	Chemical precipitation technique	manganese chloride (MnCl2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)	500	28	Spherical shape	[108]
19	Serotonin−stearic acid (ST-SA)/manganese oxide nanocuboids (MNCs)	Chemical precipitation method	—	80	∼18 and ∼21	Cuboid shape	[109]
20	MnO2/silver (Ag) nanoparticles	Sol–gel method	KMnO4	500	80–90	Spherical	[110]
21	CF@CoFe2O4@MnO2	Sol–gel method and hydrothermal reaction	—	100	750	Fibers shape	[111]
22	MnCo2O4 nanoparticles	Solvothermal method	—	450	500	Flower-like	[112]
23	Ceria incorporated manganese oxide (NCMO)	Coprecipitationcalcinations and sol–gel methods	—	—	70–90	Spherical	[113]
24	MnO2	Green synthesis	KMnO4	—	1–60	Spherical	[114]