Healthy Eating Index and Alternate Healthy Eating Index among Haitian Americans and African Americans with and without Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
General characteristics of the participants by ethnicity and diabetes status.
Variables
Ethnicity
Diabetes status
AA ()
HA ()
P
Without T2D ()
With T2D ()
P
Age (years)
53.0 ± 9.7
55.8 ± 10.6
.003
52.4 ± 9.9
56.3 ± 10.3
<.001
Gender (female) n (%)
118 (52.4)
129 (52.4)
.999
111 (44.9)
136 (55.1)
.539
Waist circumference (cm)
108 ± 18
98 ± 12
<.001
98.5 ± 13.6
106.8 ±16.7
<.001
Without T2D (n = 218)
101 ± 14
96 ±13
.009
—
—
With T2D (n = 253)
114 ± 18
100 ± 12
<.001
—
—
Education level n (%)
—
—
.001
—
—
.008
< High school graduate
36 (16.0)
114 (46.3)
—
57 (26.1)
93 (36.8)
High school or some college
148 (66.2)
93 (37.8)
—
114 (52.3)
128 (50.6)
College degree/beyond
40 (17.8)
39 (15.9)
—
47 (21.6)
32 (12.6)
Smoking (yes) n (%)
78 (34.7)
16 (6.5)
.001
42 (19.3)
52 (20.6)
.727
Total calories/day (Kcal)
2142 ± 1016
1751 ± 912
.001
2037 ±1022
1852 ± 939
.043
HEI-05 scores
56.3 ± 12.5
66.4 ± 11.6
<.001
59.5 ± 13.3
63.4 ±12.5
.001
AHEI scores
42.4 ± 12.6
51.4 ± 12.6
.001
48.2 (14)
46.2 (13)
.120
Physical activity (MET-h/wk)
51 ± 87
45 ± 67
.393
60.7 ± 89
36.8 ± 62
.001
BDI scores
8.2 ± 8.8
9.5 ± 8.1
.092
7.3 ± 7.7
10.3 ± 8.8
<.001
Depression meds (yes) n (%)
31 (13.8)
13 (5.3)
.002
17(7.8)
27 (10.7)
.285
AA: African American; AHEI: Alternate Healthy Eating Index; HA: Haitian American; T2D: type 2 diabetes; HEI-05: Healthy Eating Index, 2005 MET-h/wk: metabolic equivalent of leisure and occupational activities over the year and converted to hours per week 1-MET is an estimated ratio of a working metabolic rate to a standard resting metabolic rate (1 Kcal kg−1 hr−1) for an average individual; BDI: beck depression Inventory. Notes: P values reported are based on the Student t -test or chi-square are unadjusted. A P value of (two-tailed) was considered significant.
