Research Article

Green Space and Child Weight Status: Does Outcome Measurement Matter? Evidence from an Australian Longitudinal Study

Table 2

The influence of green space on children’s waist circumference.

Boys ()Girls ()
Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 1Model 2Model 3

Fixed effects
Age2.53 (2.49, 2.58)2.71 (2.60, 2.81)2.73 (2.61, 2.85)2.21 (2.16, 2.25)2.24 (2.13, 2.35)2.22 (2.10, 2.35)
Green space 0–5%
Green space 6–10%−0.31 (−1.46, 0.84)1.58 (−0.20, 3.36)2.82 (0.86, 4.78)0.22 (−0.92, 1.35)0.95 (−0.84, 2.74)1.64 (−0.31, 3.60)
Green space 11–20%−0.61 (−1.63, 0.40)1.66 (0.09, 3.24)2.30 (0.57, 4.04)−0.43 (−1.43, 0.58)0.16 (−1.43, 1.75)0.86 (−0.89, 2.60)
Green space 21–30%−0.86 (−2.06, 0.35)2.11 (0.23, 3.98)2.51 (0.47, 4.55)−0.10 (−1.25, 1.05)0.22 (−1.60, 2.05)0.44 (−1.53, 2.42)
Green space 31–40%−0.27 (−1.61, 1.07)0.39 (−1.67, 2.45)1.21 (−1.01, 3.44)0.29 (−1.04, 1.63)0.69 (−1.44, 2.81)0.89 (−1.44, 3.22)
Green space >40%−1.15 (−2.44, 0.14)−0.11 (−2.10, 1.87)0.09 (−2.12, 2.30)−0.21 (−1.47, 1.05)−1.17 (−3.16, 0.83)−1.54 (−3.71, 0.63)
Green space 0.52010.07750.01410.79460.43560.0892
Green space 0–5%  ×  age
Green space 6–10%  ×  age−0.21 (−0.36, −0.06)−0.30 (−0.47, −0.12)−0.08 (−0.23, 0.07)−0.15 (−0.32, 0.03)
Green space 11–20%  ×  age−0.25 (−0.38, −0.12)−0.31 (−0.47, −0.16)−0.06 (−0.20, 0.07)−0.11 (−0.27, 0.05)
Green space 21–30%  ×  age−0.33 (−0.49, −0.17)−0.32 (−0.50, −0.14)−0.04 (−0.19, 0.12)−0.02 (−0.20, 0.15)
Green space 31–40%  ×  age−0.07 (−0.25, 0.10)−0.15 (−0.35, 0.04)−0.04 (−0.23, 0.14)−0.03 (−0.24, 0.18)
Green space >40%  ×  age−0.11 (−0.28, 0.05)−0.11 (−0.31, 0.09)0.11 (−0.06, 0.28)0.17 (−0.03, 0.37)
Green space  ×  age 0.00030.00040.30540.0255
Combined weekly income (thousands)−0.14 (−0.25, −0.03)−0.01 (−0.14, 0.11)
Child indigenous status2.27 (0.25, 4.29)3.18 (1.27, 5.09)
Maternal years education−0.07 (−0.19, 0.05)−0.25 (−0.36, −0.14)
LOTE1.25 (0.30, 2.20)−0.44 (−1.37, 0.49)

Random effects
Area2.25 (0.86, 5.89)2.23 (0.85, 5.89)2.29 (0.84, 6.20)2.48 (1.07, 5.74)2.47 (1.07, 5.74)1.93 (0.68, 5.46)
Individual50.29 (46.64, 54.23)50.34 (46.69, 54.28)46.63 (42.91, 50.67)43.87 (40.53, 47.49)43.87 (40.53, 47.48)39.16 (35.87, 42.76)
Residual21.48 (20.73, 22.26)21.4 (20.65, 22.18)20.31 (19.48, 21.18)20.62 (19.88, 21.39)20.60 (19.86, 21.37)19.91 (19.08, 20.78)

Note. LOTE = language other than English. Model 1 – influence of green space and age on waist circumference; model 2 – model 1 + green space × age interaction; model 3 – model 2 + socioeconomic controls. = ; = ; = . Overall variable values from Wald tests.