Cardiac Obesity and Cardiac Cachexia: Is There a Pathophysiological Link?

Figure 1

Algorithm of pathophysiological changes of obesity-related heart failure and consequence cardiac cachexia development, from subclinical/predisease level to clinical manifest disease. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.