Development of a Digital Twin Framework for a PV System to Resolve Partial Shading

Table 1

Reliability issues in PV system.

Reliability issues	Overview
Partial shading [12]	Caused due to clouds (temporary), location of panels (permanent), tree, etc. It leads to hotspots, diode failure, cell degradation, reduced output, and at last pull-down panel life expectancy.
Dusting [13]	Soil deposition due to environmental conditions or seasonal changes, snow deposition or storm, etc. leads to output power loss, overvoltage, and deterioration of joints.
Hotspot [14]	Prolonged dust deposition, less maintenance, partial shading, and aging greatly reduce panel lifetime and create open circuit faults.
Diode fault [15]	Partial shading and overheating in a particular location led to reduced efficiency and damage to diodes.
Physical fault [16]	It includes installation damage, cell cracks, interconnection, issues, moisture penetration, yellowing ecosystem localities, etc. This can be fixed by maintenance.