Redox Homeostasis and Cellular Antioxidant Systems: Crucial Players in Cancer Growth and Therapy

Table 2

Modulators of redox signaling pathways employed in combination with anticancer agents and their effects.

Drug	Mechanism of action	Cancer type	Outcome	Ref.
Trametinib	MEK inhibitor	Melanoma	Efficacious	[103]
Selumetinib	MEK inhibitor	Thyroid, ovarian cancer	Efficacious	[104–106]
Tamoxifen	PKC inhibitor	Gliomas, breast cancer	Efficacious	[107–111]
Perifosine	Akt, MAPK and JNK inhibitor	Haematologic tumors, myeloma	Efficacious	[112–116]
Sulfasalazine	NF-κB inhibitor	Colorectal cancer	Efficacious	[117, 118]
Nelvinavir	Decreases HIF-1α	Adenoid cystic carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, NSCLC	Efficacious	[119–122]
Topotecan	HIF-1 and Topoisomerase I inhibitor	Endometrial and cervical cancer	Efficacious	[123, 124]
Aprinocarsen	Antisense oligonucleotide against PKC-α	Lymphoma, breast cancer	Contrasting results	[125–127]
Midostaurin	Multitarget inhibitor of PKCs, VEGFR2, PDGFR	AML, melanoma	Contrasting results	[128, 129]
MK-2206	Akt and PI3K inhibitor	Gastric, pancreatic and breast cancer	Under clinical trial	[130]
Serdemetan	mdm2 inhibitor	Refractory solid tumors	Under clinical trial	[131]
PRIMA-1 and	Reverse the oncogenic properties of mutant p53	Ovarian cancer	Under clinical trial	[132, 133]
AMG 232	mdm2-p53 interactions inhibitor	Melanoma, myeloma, myeloid leukemia	Under clinical trial	[134]