Postoperative Pain, an Unmet Problem in Day or Overnight Italian Surgery Patients: A Prospective Study

Table 5

Regression analysis with mixed effect models for postoperative pain over time.

(a) Orthopedic surgery

Variable	Coeff	SE	value
Time	−0.89	0.15	<0.001
Extra drugs use	3.42	0.77	<0.001
Surgery (ref: valgus toe)
Knee arthroscopy		0.69	0.30
Shoulder arthroscopy		0.80	0.15
Hand surgery	−1.35	0.58	0.02
Anesthesia (ref: general)
Local	0.32	1.06	0.76
Spinal	0.45	0.99	0.65
Troncular	0.99	0.98	0.31
Males	0.29	0.47	0.53
Age		0.02	0.01
Time × extra drugs use	−0.89	0.31	<0.01

Hospital effect < 0.1% (only two hospitals).

(b) General surgery

Variable	Coeff	SE	value
Time	−0.97	0.11	<0.001
Extra drugs use	2.86	0.61	<0.001
Surgery (ref: laparoscopic cholecystectomy)
Hemorrhoidectomy	0.94	0.75	0.21
Inguinal hernioplasty	1.01	0.70	0.15
Tumor/cyst removal	−1.53	0.77	0.05
Anesthesia (ref: general)
Local	0.75	0.55	0.19
Spinal	1.17	0.52	0.03
Troncular	1.64	1.13	0.15
Males		0.39	0.54
Age		0.01	0.26
Time × extra drug use	−0.77	0.24	<0.01

Hospital effect 2.29%.