Research Article
The Helplessness Dimension of Pain Catastrophizing Mediates the Relation between PTSD Symptoms and Pain Rehabilitation Measures
Table 2
Clinical characteristics (N = 491).
| | Variable | N (%) or M ± SD |
| | Primary pain site | | | Fibromyalgia | 138 (28.1%) | | Low back pain | 94 (19.1%) | | Headache pain | 73 (14.9%) | | Generalized pain | 62 (12.6%) | | Lower extremity | 32 (6.5%) | | Neck | 25 (5.1%) | | Upper extremity | 23 (4.7%) | | Abdominal | 23 (4.7%) | | Facial | 8 (1.6%) | | Pelvic/perineal/genital | 8 (1.6%) | | Chest wall | 5 (1.0%) | | Pain duration (years) | 12.21 ± 11.02 | | PTSD symptom severity (PCL-5) | 25.19 ± 18.09 | | Pain catastrophizing (PCS) total | 26.67 ± 11.89 | | Rumination subscale | 9.53 ± 4.27 | | Magnification subscale | 4.66 ± 3.00 | | Helplessness subscale | 12.48 ± 5.75 | | Depressed mood (PHQ-9) | 13.21 ± 5.87 | | Pain severity (WHYMPI – PS) | 4.38 ± .94 | | Pain interference (WHYMPI – PI) | 4.70 ± 1.01 | | Physical health-related quality of life (SF-36 physical health summary) | 29.58 ± 15.43 | | Mental health-related quality of life (SF-36 mental health summary) | 31.62 ± 18.55 |
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