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Author and year | Study type | Number of patients | Age | Objective | Injection technique | Medication injected | Number of injections | Effect | Follow-up (months) |
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Aknikh 2014 | Case report | 3 | 15 (10–16) | | Not described | Local anesthetic + steroid | 1 | 3 (100%) pain-free | >8 (>5–12) |
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Clara 2022 | Retrospective case series | 20 (5 receiving injections) | 12.9 (11.2–14.1) | To describe the clinical and evolutionary characteristics of patients diagnosed with ACNES and to draw attention to this pathology | Not described | Local anesthetic + steroid | 0–2 | 5/5 (100%) pain-free after injections 8 = 40% pain-free without intervention (7 after medication + 1 spontaneous) | No follow-up |
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Di Giusto 2018 | Case report | 1 | 18 | | TAP block + trigger point injection | Local anesthetic + clonidine | 2 in 1 session | Pain returned much reduced | >12 |
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Ivens 2008 | Case report | 1 | 11 | | Infiltration at nerve exit point abdominal wall | Local anesthetic + steroid | | | No follow-up |
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Kifer 2018 | Retrospective case series | 38 | 15 (9–17) | To present a treatment modality of ACNES with combined local subfascial anesthetic and corticosteroid injection in a prospectively collected cohort of paediatric patients | US guided rectus sheath trigger point injection | Local anesthetic + steroid | 1–7 | Total 32 (84%) pain-free | 20 (12–32) |
24 (63%) sustained pain-free after 1 injection |
6 (16%) sustained pain-free after 2 injections |
2 (5%) sustained pain-free after 3 or > 3 injections |
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Lepere 2014 | Case report | 1 | 14 | | TAP block | Local anesthetic + steroid | 1 | 1 pain-free | >12 |
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Minamikawa 2021 | Case report | 1 | 15 | | Rectus sheath block (20 ml) | Local anesthetic | 6 (2–4 weeks interval) | 1 pain-free | 5 |
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Nizamuddin 2014 | Case report | 3 | 15 (14–16) | | TAP block (with US) | Local anesthetic + steroid | 2 (1–3) | 2 (66%) pain-free | 4–20 |
1 lost to follow-up |
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Peleg 1999 | Case report | 1 | 15 | | Subcutaneous injection | Local anesthetic + steroid | 1 | 1 pain-free | >24 |
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Siawash 2016 | Cross-sectional cohort | 12 | 15 (SD 2) | To investigate the rate of ACNES in a paediatric outpatient cohort with chronic abdominal pain | Trigger point injection | Local anesthetic + steroid | 1 (1–4) | 5 (42%) pain-free | >4 |
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Siawash 2017 (ped ane) | Prospective case series | 85 | 15 (8–17) | To study outcomes and adverse events of anterior rectus sheath blocks in childhood anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome | Anterior rectus sheet block | Local anesthetic ± steroid | 1–3 | 32 (38%) pain-free | 17 (4–39) |
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Simpson 2011 | Case report | 1 | 13 | | Bilateral TAP block | Local anesthetic ± steroid | 2 | 1 pain-free | 1 |
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Skinner 2007 | Case report | 7 | 13 (11–16) | | Rectus sheath block | Local anesthetic ± steroid | 1–3 | 5 (71%) pain-free or reduced pain | 14 (2–24) |
2 lost to follow-up |
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Van Hoek 2022 | Prospective case series | 145 | 14.7 (SD 2.3) | Predictive value questionnaire for treatment success | Trigger point injection | Local anesthetic | 1–6 | 36 (25%) pain-free | ? |
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Verma 2018 | Case report | 1 | 14 | | Trigger point injection | Local anesthetic ± steroid | 6 | Recurrent pain | ? |
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Zganjer 2013 | Retrospective case series | 12 | 15 (11–17) | The surgery for abdominal wall pain caused by cutaneous nerve entrapment in children during the past 5 years | Injections | Local anesthetic ± steroid | 1–3 | 7 (58%) pain-free | ? |
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