Research Article
Healing Pathways: A Program for Women with Physical Disabilities and Depression
Table 2
(a) Intervention group, (b) wait-list group.
(a) |
| | Pretest | Posttest | 6-week followup | 3-month followup | Measures | Time 0 | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD |
| Primary outcome | | | | | | | | | | | | | Depressive symptom score | 44 | 1.71 | 0.52 | 40 | 1.08 | 0.64 | 42 | 1.03 | 0.61 | 41 | 0.99 | 0.54 | Secondary outcome | | | | | | | | | | | | | (i) Coping and problem-solving | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a) Active coping | 44 | 2.92 | 0.86 | 39 | 3.36 | 0.69 | 42 | 3.18 | 0.75 | 41 | 3.35 | 0.64 | (b) Substance use | 44 | 1.5 | 0.93 | 39 | 1.28 | 0.65 | 42 | 1.18 | 0.43 | 41 | 1.17 | 0.4 | (c) Emotional support | 44 | 2.35 | 0.8 | 40 | 3.08 | 0.79 | 42 | 2.92 | 0.87 | 41 | 2.88 | 0.88 | (d) Instrumental support | 44 | 2.55 | 0.87 | 40 | 3.03 | 0.84 | 42 | 2.75 | 0.86 | 41 | 2.83 | 0.86 | (e) Positive reframing | 44 | 2.59 | 0.88 | 40 | 3.35 | 0.77 | 42 | 3.26 | 0.77 | 41 | 3.29 | 0.8 | (f) Self-blame | 44 | 3.02 | 0.81 | 40 | 1.99 | 0.65 | 42 | 2.08 | 0.73 | 41 | 2.05 | 0.84 | (ii) Health behavior | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a) Spirituality | 44 | 2.4 | 0.51 | 40 | 2.92 | 0.5 | 42 | 2.94 | 0.54 | 41 | 2.98 | 0.55 | (b) Interpersonal relation | 44 | 2.57 | 0.47 | 40 | 2.84 | 0.46 | 42 | 2.98 | 0.48 | 41 | 2.96 | 0.5 | (c) Stress management | 44 | 2.25 | 0.54 | 40 | 2.58 | 0.45 | 42 | 2.67 | 0.49 | 41 | 2.67 | 0.56 | (iii) Loneliness | 44 | 2.77 | 0.46 | 40 | 2.34 | 0.5 | 42 | 2.3 | 0.48 | 41 | 2.26 | 0.48 | (iv) Rosenberg global self-esteem | 44 | 2.48 | 0.55 | 40 | 2.77 | 0.49 | 42 | 2.79 | 0.5 | 41 | 2.78 | 0.53 | (v) Body Image and sexual self-esteem | 44 | 24.25 | 7.46 | 40 | 30.3 | 7.4 | 42 | 30.21 | 8.14 | 41 | 30.39 | 9.09 | Covariates | | | | | | | | | | | | | (i) Physical dependency | 44 | 0.61 | 0.34 | 40 | 0.59 | 0.37 | 42 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 41 | 0.6 | 0.37 | (ii) Substance abuse | 44 | 1.5 | 1.45 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.48 | 42 | 1.33 | 1.37 | 41 | 1.29 | 1.45 | (iii) Pain and fatigue | 44 | 6.5 | 2.16 | 40 | 5.88 | 2.43 | 42 | 5.83 | 2.29 | 41 | 5.78 | 2.21 |
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(b) |
| Measures | | Pretest | | Control/nonintervention | Intervention | Posttest | 6-week followup | 3-month followup | Posttest | 6-week followup | 3-month followup | | Time 0 | | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 4 | Time 5 | Time 6 | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD | | Mean | SD |
| Primary outcome | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Depressive symptom score | 36 | 1.37 | 0.5 | 33 | 1.38 | 0.5 | 32 | 1.29 | 0.7 | 30 | 1.35 | 0.56 | 20 | 1.01 | 0.6 | 26 | 1.19 | 0.73 | 24 | 1.08 | 0.6 | Secondary outcome | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (i) Coping and problem-solving | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a) Active coping | 36 | 2.85 | 0.8 | 33 | 2.94 | 0.9 | 32 | 3.02 | 0.96 | 30 | 3 | 0.81 | 20 | 3.48 | 0.6 | 26 | 3.29 | 0.81 | 24 | 3.23 | 0.85 | (b) Substance use | 36 | 1.24 | 0.6 | 33 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 32 | 1.23 | 0.75 | 30 | 1.37 | 0.81 | 20 | 1.08 | 0.2 | 26 | 1.17 | 0.62 | 24 | 1.06 | 0.22 | (c) Emotional support | 36 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 33 | 2.38 | 1 | 32 | 2.52 | 0.91 | 30 | 2.55 | 0.86 | 20 | 3.15 | 0.8 | 26 | 2.88 | 0.98 | 24 | 2.9 | 0.83 | (d) Instrumental support | 36 | 2.38 | 0.9 | 33 | 2.47 | 1 | 32 | 2.64 | 0.99 | 30 | 2.43 | 0.98 | 20 | 3.15 | 0.8 | 26 | 2.67 | 0.99 | 24 | 2.69 | 0.83 | (e) Positive reframing | 36 | 2.68 | 0.9 | 33 | 2.67 | 1 | 32 | 2.83 | 0.89 | 30 | 2.67 | 0.79 | 20 | 3.23 | 0.7 | 26 | 2.73 | 0.96 | 24 | 2.79 | 0.88 | (f) Self-blame | 36 | 2.76 | 1.1 | 33 | 2.56 | 1.1 | 32 | 2.58 | 1.06 | 30 | 2.78 | 1.1 | 20 | 2.08 | 0.7 | 26 | 2.15 | 0.89 | 24 | 2.27 | 1.01 | (ii) Health behavior | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a) Spirituality | 36 | 2.66 | 0.6 | 33 | 2.62 | 0.6 | 32 | 2.74 | 0.58 | 30 | 2.67 | 0.6 | 20 | 3.08 | 0.5 | 26 | 3.02 | 0.54 | 24 | 2.95 | 0.55 | (b) Interpersonal relation | 36 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 33 | 2.65 | 0.5 | 32 | 2.79 | 0.56 | 30 | 2.67 | 0.47 | 20 | 2.97 | 0.4 | 26 | 2.97 | 0.54 | 24 | 2.89 | 0.55 | (c) Stress management | 36 | 2.25 | 0.4 | 33 | 2.27 | 0.6 | 32 | 2.45 | 0.54 | 30 | 2.36 | 0.56 | 20 | 2.69 | 0.5 | 26 | 2.53 | 0.61 | 24 | 2.51 | 0.59 | (iii) Loneliness | 36 | 2.65 | 0.5 | 33 | 2.62 | 0.5 | 32 | 2.48 | 0.44 | 30 | 2.62 | 0.44 | 20 | 2.29 | 0.5 | 26 | 2.36 | 0.45 | 24 | 2.45 | 0.56 | (iv) Rosenberg global self-esteem | 36 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 33 | 2.45 | 0.7 | 32 | 2.53 | 0.65 | 30 | 2.49 | 0.71 | 20 | 2.84 | 0.6 | 26 | 2.74 | 0.75 | 24 | 2.72 | 0.69 | (v) Body Image and sexual self-esteem | 36 | 27.11 | 7.7 | 33 | 28.39 | 8.9 | 31 | 28.48 | 9.34 | 30 | 28.43 | 9.51 | 20 | 31.9 | 7.3 | 26 | 31.9 | 7.68 | 24 | 30.27 | 7.31 | Covariates | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (i) Physical dependency | 36 | 0.72 | 0.6 | 33 | 0.81 | 0.5 | 32 | 0.64 | 0.48 | 30 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 20 | 0.68 | 0.5 | 26 | 0.67 | 0.54 | 24 | 0.66 | 0.57 | (ii) Substance abuse | 33 | 1.67 | 1.5 | 31 | 1.77 | 1.4 | 30 | 1.33 | 1.45 | 29 | 1.59 | 1.57 | 20 | 1.05 | 1.4 | 25 | 1.48 | 1.64 | 23 | 1.39 | 1.5 | (iii) Pain and fatigue | 36 | 6.22 | 2.1 | 33 | 6.06 | 2.3 | 32 | 6.06 | 1.54 | 30 | 6.2 | 2.27 | 20 | 5.55 | 2.2 | 26 | 5.5 | 1.84 | 24 | 4.79 | 2.04 |
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