|
| Study | Study design | Sample size | Swallowing function | Electrode placement | Outcome measures | Key findings |
|
| Ludlow et al. [18] | Cross-sectional | 11 | Dysphagia | Submental and throat | Hyoid and laryngeal positions at rest | Increasing hyoid excursion at rest |
| Humbert et al. [19] | Cross-sectional | 29 | Healthy | 10 electrode placements | Hyolaryngeal excursion at rest and during swallowing | Decreasing hyoid and laryngeal excursions at rest and during swallowing |
| Kim et al. [20] | Cross-sectional | 20 | Dysphagia | Three electrode placements | Hyolaryngeal excursion at rest | Decreasing hyoid and laryngeal excursion at rest |
| Lee et al. [21] | Cross-sectional | 15 | Dysphagia | Submental and throat vs. submental | Hyolaryngeal excursion at rest | Submental/throat regions: decreasing hyolaryngeal excursion
Submental: increasing anterior excursion of the hyolaryngeal structures |
| Park et al. [22] | Case-series | 16 | Healthy | Throat | Hyolaryngeal excursion during swallowing | Increasing superior hyoid excursion |
| Nam et al. [23] | Case-control | 50 | Dysphagia | Submental and throat vs. submental | Hyolaryngeal excursion during swallowing | Submental: increasing hyoid excursion during swallowing; submental/throat regions: increasing laryngeal excursion |
| Heck et al. [24] | Cross-sectional | 20 | Healthy | Submental | Hypopharyngeal and UES PP | Immediate effect: no TES effect on PP
Delayed effect: decreasing hypopharyngeal PP and increasing UES relaxation |
| Berretin-Felix et al. [25] | Cross-sectional | 34 (20 young, 14 older adults) | Healthy | Submental and throat | Lingual-palatal, BOT, hypopharyngeal, UES PP | Motor TES: decreasing anterior tongue pressure in older adults, increasing hypopharyngeal pressure for both age groups
Sensory TES: increasing BOT pressure in older adults, decreasing BOT pressure in younger adults |
| Barikroo et al. [26] | Cross-sectional | 34 (20 young, 14 older adults) | Healthy | Submental and throat | Lingual-palatal, BOT, hypopharyngeal, UES pressure timing | Motor TES: no effect
Sensory TES: faster PP for older adults |
| Barikroo et al. [28] | Cross-sectional | 30 older adults | Healthy | Submental | Lingual-palatal pressure | Short pulse duration decreased lingual palatal peak pressure compared with the long pulse duration |
| Takahashi et al. [29] | Cross-sectional | 18 young | Healthy | Throat | Lingual-palatal pressure and hyoid excursion | Decreasing tongue pressure during stimulation and was significantly lower after stimulation
Decreasing the hyoid position at rest
Increasing the hyoid position both at rest and during the maximum excursion during stimulation |
| Jungheim et al. [33] | Cross-sectional | 29 | Healthy | Submental | Velopharynx, BOT, and UES pressure | Midfrequency stimulation: increasing BOT pressure
No impact on UES
Low-frequency pressure: no significant changes in any parameters examined |
|
