A Scoping Review of the Evidence regarding Assessment and Management of Psychological Features of Shoulder Pain

Table 2

The psychological construct measured, intervention, and outcome measures used in the articles.

Study	Primary construct measured (outcome measures)	Secondary construct measured (outcomes measures)	Effect on primary outcome	Effect on secondary outcomes	Effect on pain
[28]	Performance of the level of daily activities (SDQ)	Perceived recovery (eight-point ordinal scale); Shoulder pain (SPS); Quality of life (EuroQol-5D); Catastrophizing (PCCL); Coping with pain (PCCL); Kinesophobia (TSK-DV); Fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ); Internal Locus of Control (PCCL); External Locus of Control (PCCL)	Mean ,	Catastrophizing thoughts (mean , )	,
[27]	Pain (VAS)	Self-efficacy (ASES) (GSE); Coping (CSQ); Adherence (minutes spent in each module); Feasibility and treatment satisfaction (A set of 8 items made by the authors)	No significant improvement	Catastrophic thinking (12 months: , )	NA
[24]	Perceived disability (QBPDS); Sick leave (days off work)	Health status (EQ-5D); Fear and avoidance (TSK); Fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ); Pain VAS; Pain catastrophizing (PCS); Depressive symptoms and anxiety (HADS); Worry 4-item global worry rating; Health care consumption 4 items asking for number of visits to clinicians	Perceived disability ()	Health status: Fear and avoidance: Pain catastrophizing: ,; Depressive symptoms ,; Anxiety; Worry	Posttreatment e; Follow-up effect
[25]	Range of motion: (goniometry)	Psychological symptoms (Symptom Assessment-45); Psychological distress anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive behavior, somatization, phobic anxiety, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism; Pain VAS	No benefit	Anxiety, pain, and depression	No effect
[29]	Pain disability: (PDI)	Pain catastrophizing: (PCS); Anxiety and depression (HADS); Kinesophobia (TSK)	Pain disability improved in short term, and disability was maintained over time (6, 12, and 24 months; , )	Pain catastrophizing decreased from baseline to 12 m for NSE () group, and from baseline to 24 m for NSEB group (); Kinesophobia was improved from baseline to 12 m in NSE group (, ); No significant effect on anxiety and depression	NA
[26]	Return to work: Days off work	Pain intensity (VAS); Daily activities (ADS); Subjective health (UHI); Health locus of control (MHLC); Anxiety (STAI I-II); Psychological distress (HSCL); Personality (EPI)	No effect	Improved psychological health (risk ratio: 1.61)	No effect
[32]	Fear avoidance (FABQ)	Pain intensity VAS	Reduced work-related fear avoidance: effect		Reduced (no data provided)
[33]	Global recovery self-reported global recovery	Pain intensity VAS	Using passive coping strategies slower recovery rate of 37%	NA	Pain reduced
[18]	Physical and psychosocial disability sickness impact profile	Pain intensity (VAS); Depression (British Columbia Major Depression Inventory); Pain-related anxiety and avoidance (Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20)	Chronic pain treatment outcomes () except for depression (-0.04)		Pain reduction was more associated with psychological flexibility ()
[30]	Pain intensity (NRS)	Depression (BDI-II)	20% pain reduction	Reduction in depression level ()	20% pain reduction

SDQ: Shoulder Disability Questionnaire; SPS: Shoulder Pain Score; PCCL: Pain Coping and Cognition List; TSK: Tampa Scale for Kinesophobia; FABQ: Fear Avoidance Belief Questioner; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale; ASES: Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale; GSE: General Self-Efficacy Scale; CSQ: Coping Strategies Questionnaire; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; QBPDS: Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; EQ-5D: Euro Qol questionnaire; PDI: pain disability index; ADS: Activity Discomfort Scale; UHI: Ursin’s Health Inventory; MHLC: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control; STAI I-II: Spielberg State Trait Anxiety Scale; HSCL: Hopkins Symptom Checklist; EPI: Eysenck Personality Inventory; BDI II: Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition.