Endoscopic Nipple- or Skin-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Endoscopic Harvesting of the Latissimus Dorsi Flap: A Preliminary Experience of an Innovative Technique

Table 2

Operative and perioperative data.

Characteristic	No. (%)
Mastectomy weight, mean ± SD (g)	278.3 ± 82.3
Axillary surgery^a
SLNB only	12 (60.0)
ALND	5 (25.0)
SLNB then ALND	1 (5.0)
Reconstruction surgery
LDMF	5 (25.0)
LDMF + prothesis	15 (75.0)
Total operation time, mean ± SD (min)	262.6 ± 54.4
LDMF harvesting time, mean ± SD (min)	96.5 ± 25.3
NSM time, mean ± SD (min)	56.0 ± 14.7
LDMF size, mean ± SD (cm)
Length	26.9 ± 3.1
Width	13.8 ± 2.1
Implant volume (cc)	125–480
Intraoperative bleeding (ml)	48.5 ± 14.2
Hospital stays, mean ± SD, days	7.4 ± 1.7
Nipple management^b
NSM	14 (70.0)
SSM without nipple reconstruction	1 (5.0)
SSM with nipple reconstruction	4 (20.0)
Hospitalization expenses, mean ± SD, USD
LDMF	3401.6 ± 457.3
LDMF ± prothesis	5434.8 ± 609.2

SD: standard deviation; SLNB: sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND: axillary lymph node dissection; NSM: nipple-sparing mastectomy; SSM: skin-sparing mastectomy; LDMF: latissimus dorsi muscle flap; USD: United States dollar. ^a There were two patients with no axillary surgery. One patient with multiple tumors was diagnosed with benign tumors with intraoperative frozen section; another patient had undergone traditional NSM, ALND, and expander breast reconstruction previously. ^b One patient had undergone NSM. Subcutaneous and muscular dissection is performed to enter the pocket and remove the tissue expander in this surgery.