Dynamics and Biocontrol: The Indirect Effects of a Predator Population on a Host-Vector Disease Model

Figure 4

Numerical simulation for Case 2, with 𝑎=0.03, ℎ=0.65, and other parameters fixed in Table 1. A stable limit cycle occurs in 𝑋𝑃 plane of system (2). (a) Temporal plots for system variables. (b) Phase portrait in 𝑋𝑃 plane. (c) Phase portrait in 𝑡𝑋𝑃 space.

(a)

(b)

(c)