Perioperative Intravascular Fluid Assessment and Monitoring: A Narrative Review of Established and Emerging Techniques

<table>A typical CVP waveform (lower tracing) and accompanying electrocardiogram (upper). The a, c, and v waves are shown, along with the z point (arrow), indicating the appropriate time in the cardiac cycle for CVP measurement.  All analyses need to occur at end expiration.</table>

Anesthesiology Research and Practice

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Figure 1

Figure 1: Perioperative Intravascular Fluid Assessment and Monitoring: A Narrative Review of Established and Emerging Techniques 