Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 542979, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2009/542979
Research Article

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Studies of Organotin(IV) Derivatives with o- or p-hydroxybenzoic Acids

Mohamed A. Abdellah,1,2 Sotiris K. Hadjikakou,1 Nick Hadjiliadis,1 Maciej Kubicki,3 Thomas Bakas,4 Nikolaos Kourkoumelis,4,5 Yannis V. Simos,6 Spyros Karkabounas,6 Mirela M. Barsan,7 and Ian S. Butler7

1Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
2Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
3Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
4Physics of Material Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
5Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
6Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
7Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke, Montreal QC, Canada H2A 2K6

Received 6 November 2008; Accepted 14 January 2009

Academic Editor: Lorenzo  Pellerito

Copyright © 2009 Mohamed A. Abdellah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Organotin(IV) complexes with o- or p-hydroxybenzoic acids (o- H 2 B Z A or p- H 2 B Z A ) of formulae [ R 2 S n ( H L ) 2 ] (where H 2 L = o- H 2 B Z A and R = Me- (1), 𝑛 -Bu- (2)); [ R 3 S n ( H L ) ] (where H 2 L = o- H 2 B Z A and R = 𝑛 -Bu- (3), Ph- (4) or H 2 L = p- H 2 B Z A and R = 𝑛 -Bu- (5), Ph- (6)) were synthesized by reacting a methanolic solution of di- and triorganotin(IV) compounds with an aqueous solution of the ligand (o- H 2 B Z A or p- H 2 B Z A ) containing equimolar amounts of potassium hydroxide. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, Far-IR, TGA-DTA, FT-Raman, Mössbauer spectroscopy, 1 H , 1 1 9 S n - N M R , UV/Vis spectroscopy, and Mass spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 have also been determined. Finally, the influence of these complexes 1–6 upon the catalytic peroxidation of linoleic acid to hydroperoxylinoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) was kinetically studied and the results showed that triorganotin(IV) complex 6 has the lowest I C 5 0 value. Also complexes 1–6 were studied for their in vitro cytotoxicity against sarcoma cancer cells (mesenchymal tissue) from the Wistar rat, and the results showed that the complexes have high activity against these cell lines with triphenyltin((IV) complex 4 to be the most active one.

1. Introduction

Organotin compounds have many important applications and uses [1, 2]. Commercially, organotin compounds are used as industrial and agricultural biocides because they have high antifungal properties [3, 4]. The in vitro fungicidal or antibacterial properties of organotins have been found to exhibit the general order of activity: RSn X 3 < R 2 Sn X 2 < R 4 S n ≪ R 3 SnX, with the anionic X group to exert little influence on activity [5, 6]. The combination of two biologically active entities, however, in the same molecule could enhance their activity [7]. For example, triphenyltin(IV) derivatives of phthalic acid and salicaldehyde have significant activity toward a range of fungi [8, 9]. Recently, interests in organotin(IV) carboxylates are increasing due to their possible medical uses as antitumor agents [10]. For example, the fluoro-substituted carboxylate ligands with di- and triorganotins produced several antitumor active compounds [11]. Hubert et al. concluded that antitumor active tin compounds possess available coordination positions around tin atom and also have relatively stable ligand-tin bonds with low hydrolytic decomposition [12]. Thioamides-organotin complexes, on the other hand, have shown high antitumor activity, which is rather related to the ligand type and not to the geometry of the compounds [13–17]. Given that the antitumor action of Sn(IV) compounds may not be due to their direct interaction with DNA constituents [18–22], their reaction with enzymes like lipoxygenase is always of interest in the attempt to elucidate their mechanism of action [13–17]. This antitumor activity of the organotin complexes follows the same order of lipoxygenase inhibition, an enzyme taking part in the inflammation mechanism and tumor genesis [13–17].

With the aim to prepare new organotin(IV-)-based antitumor compounds of o- or p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Schemes 1 (I) and (II), resp.), the synthesis of six organotin complexes of formulae [ R 2 Sn ( H L ) 2 ] (where H 2 L = o- H 2 BZA and R = Me- (1), 𝑛 -Bu- (2)) and [ R 3 Sn(HL)], (where H 2 L = o- H 2 BZA and R = 𝑛 -Bu- (3), Ph- (4) or H 2 L = p- H 2 BZA, and R = 𝑛 -Bu- (5), Ph- (6)) and their characterization by spectroscopic techniques (IR, Raman, 1 H -NMR, mass Spectra, 1 1 9 m S n Mössbauer, UV/Vis), elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction have been carried out. The inhibition caused by these complexes toward the oxidation of linoleic acid to hyperoxolinoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) follow the order 𝟔 > 𝟒 > 𝟓 > 𝟐 > 𝟏 > 𝟑 and compared with their in vitro antitumor activity against sarcoma cells, where the order is 𝟒 > 𝟔 > 𝟓 ≫ 𝟑 = 𝟐 ≫ 𝟏 . Therefore, triorganotin compounds inhibit stronger lipoxygenase and show higher activity against sarcoma cells than diorganotins.

542979.schem.001
Scheme 1

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. General Aspects

Organotin(IV) complexes 1–6 have been synthesized by reacting a methanolic solution of organotin chloride with an aqueous solution of the appropriate amounts of 2- or 4-hydroxybenzoic acid containing an equimolar amount of potassium hydroxide as shown in (1) and (2): R 2 S n C l 2 + 2 H 2 L + 2 K O H M e O H / H 2 O R − − − − − − − → 2 S n ( H L 2 ) + 2 K C l + 2 H 2 O H 2 L = o - H 2 B Z A a n d R = M e - ( 𝟏 ) , n - B u - ( 𝟐 ) ( 1 ) R 3 S n C l + H 2 L + K O H M e O H / H 2 O R − − − − − − − → 3 S n ( H L ) + K C l + H 2 O H 2 L = o - H 2 H B Z A a n d R = n - B u - ( 𝟑 ) , P h - ( 𝟒 ) o r 2 L = p - H 2 B Z A a n d R = n - B u - ( 𝟓 ) , P h - ( 𝟔 ) . ( 2 )

Complexes 1-2 were prepared with an alternative method of the one used previously for the synthesis of these complexes [23, 24]. Complexes 1–6 are air-stable powders soluble in methanol, ethanol, and DMSO solvents. Crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained by slow evaporation of methanol/acetonitril solutions for compounds 1 and 2.

2.2. Thermal Analysis

The TGA/DTA data curves for complexes 1-2 show that they decompose generally in one stage. Thus, thermal analysis in flowing nitrogen shows that complex 1 decomposes between 125 and 3 1 5 ∘ C with 72% mass loss which corresponds to the methyl groups of the metal and the ligand molecules (the calculated mass loss is 72%), compound 2 decomposes between 35 and 4 9 0 ∘ C with 74% mass loss due to the butyl groups of the metal and the ligand molecules (the calculated mass loss is 76.50%) (Scheme 2).

542979.schem.002
Scheme 2

The TGA/DTA data in flowing nitrogen data curves for complexes 3–6 show that they decompose generally in two stages. The first stage of decomposition of compound 3 lies between 20 and 2 5 5 ∘ C that corresponds to 13% mass loss of one of the metal butyl groups (the calculated mass loss is 13%), compound 4 decomposes between 35 and 2 1 5 ∘ C with 16% mass loss of one of the metal phenyl groups (the calculated mass loss is 16%), compound 5 decomposes between 25 and 2 5 5 ∘ C that corresponds to 13% mass loss of one of the metal butyl groups (the calculated mass loss is 13%), and compound 6 decomposes between 25 and 1 7 7 ∘ C with 15% mass loss of one of the metal phenyl groups (the calculated mass loss is 16%). The second stage of decomposition is between 255 and 4 0 0 ∘ C in case of 3 which corresponds to 44% mass loss of the ligand (o-hydroxybenzoic acid) and another metal butyl group (the calculated mass loss is 45%), between 215 and 5 0 0 ∘ C (4) corresponding to 43% mass loss of the ligand (o-hydroxybenzoic acid) and another metal phenyl group (the calculated mass loss is 42%), compound 5 decomposes between 255 and 4 1 2 ∘ C which corresponds to 45.60% mass loss of the ligand (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) and another metal butyl group (the calculated mass loss is 45%), and compound 6 decomposes between 177 and 4 3 5 ∘ C with 42% mass loss which corresponds to the ligand (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) and another metal phenyl group (the calculated mass loss is 42%) (Scheme 2).

2.3. Spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopy: characteristic infrared bands of the complexes 1–6 and the ligands are listed in Table 1.

tab1
Table 1: Characteristic vibration bands (c m − 1 ) of the o- or p-HBZA ligands and their complexes 1–6.

The IR spectra of the complexes 1–6 show vibrational bands at 3467 1, 3450 2, 3450 3, 3447 4, 3439 5, and 3433 6 c m − 1 , which are assigned to 𝑣 (phenolic OH) [28, 29]. The corresponding vibrational bands 𝑣 (O-H) of the free ligands appear at 3282 and 3382 c m − 1 for o- H 2 BZA or p- H 2 BZA, respectively [25, 27].

The 𝑣 a s (C O O − ) vibration of the free ligand appears at 1656 c m − 1 while the 𝑣 s (C O O − ) at 1324 c m − 1 for o- H 2 BZA [25], and the 𝑣 a s (C O O − ) vibration of p- H 2 BZA ligand appears at 1687 c m − 1 while the 𝑣 s (C O O − ) at 1360 c m − 1 [27]. The corresponding 𝑣 a s (C O O − ) vibrations are observed at 1631 1, 1628 2, 1633 3, 1636 4, 1636 5, and 1617 6 c m − 1 , respectively. The bands at 1388 1, 1419 2, 1352 3, 1356 4, 1419 5, and 1347 6 c m − 1 are assigned to 𝑣 s (C O O − ). The Δ 𝑣 [ 𝑣 a s (C O O − )- 𝑣 s (C O O − )] difference values of the free ligands are (332 c m − 1 for o- H 2 BZA and 327 c m − 1 for p- H 2 BZA) versus the corresponding values Δ 𝑣 for complexes 1–6 (243 1, 209 2, 281 3, 280 4, 217 5, and 270 6 c m − 1 , resp.) support the coordination of the ligand to the metal center through the carboxylic acid group. Monodentate coordination of the –C O O − group of the ligand to metal ions results in significantly higher Δ 𝑣 [ 𝑣 a s (C O O − )- 𝑣 s (C O O − )] difference values than those observed for the ionic compounds of the ligand [30], while when the ligand chelates, the Δ 𝑣 [ 𝑣 a s (C O O − )- 𝑣 s (C O O − )] is considerably smaller than that observed for its ionic compounds. For asymmetric bidentate coordination, the values are in the range of monodentate coordination [30]. When the –C O O − group bridges metal ions, the Δ 𝑣 [ 𝑣 a s (C O O − )- 𝑣 s (C O O − )] value is higher than that of the chelated ions and nearly the same as that observed for ionic compounds [30]. In our case, the Δ 𝑣 [ 𝑣 a s (C O O − )- 𝑣 s (C O O − )] values of the ionic compounds of the o-NaHBZA and p-NaHBZA ligands (sodium salts) are 205 c m − 1 and 131 c m − 1 , respectively [26]. Therefore, in the diorganotin complexes 1 and 2, where higher Δ 𝑣 values were observed (243 1 and 209 2 c m − 1 ), an asymmetric bidentate coordination of the ligand to the metal ion is expected (see crystal structure, Mössbauer spectra).The same is true in the case of triorganotin complexes 3–6 with significantly higher Δ 𝑣 values than the corresponding ones of the sodium salts of the ligands (281 3, 280 4, 217 5, and 270 6 c m − 1 ), indicating clearly an asymmetric bidentate coordination mode of the ligands and suggesting trigonal bipyramidal geometry for complexes 3–6 in the solid state in agreement with the results of Mössbauer and 1 1 9 S n-NMR spectra.

Bands at 425–455 c m − 1 have been assigned to the stretching vibration of Sn-O bonds. The corresponding ones for complexes 1–6 are at 446 1, 435 2, 445 3, 420 4, 458 5, and 450 c m − 1 6 [25]. Bands at 600–500 c m − 1 have been assigned to the antisymmetric and symmetric vibrations of Sn-C bond. The corresponding ones for complexes 1–6 are at 580, 536 1, 562, 530 2, 564, 538 3, 600, 533 4, 610, 509 5, and 569, 511 6 [13–17]. No ν(Sn-Cl) vibration bands at 282 and 221 c m − 1 are observed in the far FT-IR of the complexes [13].

1 1 9 m S n Mössbauer spectroscopy: solid state, 1 1 9 m S n Mössbauer spectroscopic data of complexes 1-2 and 4–6 are given in Table 2.

tab2
Table 2: 1 1 9 S n Mössbauer spectroscopic data for complexes 1–6 at 80 K.

The isomer shifts values of complexes 1–6 are in the range of 𝛿 1.22 to 1.56 mm  s − 1 (Table 2), indicating that tin is in the (4+) oxidation state in all cases [2, 32, 33]. The spectra of diorganotin(IV) complexes 1–2 consist of two symmetrical Lorentzian doublets which indicate the presence of two tin atoms in different chemical environments with the same ratio 1:1 (56: 44% 1 and 29: 71% 2, resp.). This may be due to the presence of two different isomers in the unit cells with variable bond distances. The quadrupole splitting values ( Δ ) of complexes 1-2 are 3.09 mm  s − 1 and 3.65 mm  s − 1 for 1 and 3.53 mm  s − 1 and 3.68 mm  s − 1 for 2, suggesting distorted trans- R 2 octahedral geometry (2.4–5.5 mm  s − 1 ) [2, 32, 33] in the solid state in agreement with X-ray structures. The calculated C-Sn-C angles ( ∘ ) from Mössbauer spectra [31] for the compounds 1 and 2 (Table 2) are 1 3 0 ∘ for the highest occurring isomer (56%) and 1 4 3 ∘ for the lowest occurring isomer (44%) in case of 1 and 148 (29%), 1 4 9 ∘ (71%) in case of 2. The values of C-Sn-C angles found from X-ray analysis at 293 K are 138.4 ( 4 ) ∘ (1) and 144.0 ( 3 ) ∘ (2), respectively (see crystal structures).

The spectra of the triorganotin(IV) complexes 4–6 consist of one symmetrical Lorentzian doublet which indicates the presence of one tin atom. The quadrupole splitting values in case of complexes 4–6 ( Δ ) are 2.93 mm  s − 1 4, 2.48 mm  s − 1 for 5, and 3.18 mm  s − 1 6 suggesting eq- R 3 trigonal bipyramidal geometry around tin atom (2.5–4.0 mm  s − 1 ) [2, 32, 33] in solid state in agreement with the geometry concluded from 1 1 9 S n-NMR spectra.

2.4. NMR Spectra

1 H -NMR spectra of complexes 1–6 showed a single resonance signal at 10.18 1, 10.16 2, 9.91 3, 9.95 4, 9.87 5, and 9.89 6 ppm, respectively, due to the hydroxyl proton of the ligands (o- H 2 BZA or p- H 2 BZA) [34], suggesting that the OH groups are not involved in bonding with the tin atom. The two doublet signals at 7 . 8 3 - 7 . 7 9 and 6 . 8 2 - 6 . 7 9 1, 7 . 6 9 - 7 . 6 5 and 6 . 7 5 - 6 . 7 2 2, 7 . 7 2 - 7 . 6 9 and 6 . 7 3 - 6 . 7 0 3, 7 . 8 1 - 7 . 7 8 and 6 . 6 9 - 6 . 6 5 4, and 7 . 7 5 - 7 . 7 1 and 6 . 7 6 - 6 . 7 3 6 ppm are assigned to the protons of the phenyl group of the ligands a and b, respectively (Scheme 1) [34]. In case of complex 1, the single signal at 0.83 ppm is assigned to the protons of the methyl group of the metal.

In case of complexes 6 and 7, 1 1 9 S n-NMR spectra were also recorded. 1 1 9 S n-NMR spectra showed resonance signals at − 2 0 . 0 (6) and − 2 1 2 . 0 (7) ppm, respectively. Although the shift ranges are somewhat dependent on the nature of the substituents at the tin atom the 𝛿 ( 1 1 9 S n) values (in ppm) for R 3 Sn(IV) complexes with five-coordinated Sn vary from +25 to − 3 2 9  ppm [33]. Thus, the tin(IV) atoms are five coordinated in case of complexes 5 and 6, and therefore the expected geometry arrangement around triorganotin(IV), in solution, is suggested as trigonal bipyramidal.

Crystal and Molecular Structures of [ ( C H 3 ) 2 sn ( O O C C 6 H 4 O H ) 2 ] (1) and [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 sn ( O O C C 6 H 4 O H ) 2 ] (2)
The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 had been determined previously, at 193 and 295 K with R% values of 6.4 and 3.8, respectively [23, 24]. However, we redetermined the structures here of both 1 or 2 complexes at room temperature (293 K), with R% 2.18 and 4.83, respectively, for comparison and in order to investigate the influence of the temperature on their structures [33]. ORTEP diagrams of complexes 1 and 2 are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Compounds 1 and 2 are covalent monomers in the solid state with a distorted octahedral geometry around the metal ion. Table 3 summarizes Sn-O and other selected bond distances and angles found for organotin complexes reported here and elsewhere [23, 24]. They differ only slightly.
The Sn-O bond distances are 2.1060(18), 2.5147(15), 2.1079(15), and 2.577  Å in 1; 2.104(4), 2.564, 2.121(4), and 2.632  Å in 2 showing an asymmetric bidentate coordination of the ligand to the Sn atom, as concluded in the IR Section 2.3. The Sn-O bond distances found in 1 and 2 are in agreement with the corresponding bond lengths found in ( C H 3 ) 2 Sn ( 2 , 4 , 5 - T F - 3 - M B A ) 2 (2,4,5-TF-3-MBA = 2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzoic acid) 2.115(6)–2.656(6)  Å [11], in ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn ( 2 , 4 , 5 - T F - 3 - M B A ) 2 , 2.128(3)–2.562(3)  Å [11], and in ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn ( 2 , 4 - D H B ) 2 (2,4-DHB = dihydroxybenzoato) 2.110(4)–2.559(4)  Å [35].
The O-Sn-O-C torsion angles found in complexes 1 and 2 were O271-Sn1-O171-C17 = 178.46 ( 1 4 ) ∘ for 1 and (O272-Sn1-O172-C17 = 177.6 ( 4 ) ∘ for 2. This indicates the almost coplanar arrangement of the two ligands with the tin atom. Thus, the conformation around the tin atom is trans- C 2 , cis- O 2 , cis O 2 . The value of the C-Sn-C angle (C31-Sn1-C41 = 138.44 ( 1 1 ) ∘ in 1 and C31-Sn1-C41 = 143.8 ( 2 ) ∘ in 2) implies distortion of the octahedral structure.
In both complexes 1 and 2 there are intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (O1 2 ⋯ O 172 = 2.620(2)  Å and O2 2 ⋯ O 272 = 2.605(2)  Å for 1, O1 1 ⋯ O 171 = 2.621(7)  Å and O2 1 ⋯ O 271 = 2.622(5)  Å in case of 2) stabilizing the structures. Interesting strong S n ⋯ O bonding interaction (Sn 1 ⋯ O 12 = 3.463  Å in case of 1 and Sn 1 ⋯ O 21 = 3.620  Å in case of 2) leads to the formation of dimers in both cases (Figures 1 and 2) which may affect the distortion of the octahedron observed. The sum of van der Walls radii of Sn and O varied between 3.80 and 4.17  Å [36]. No such interaction was observed earlier [23, 24].

tab3
Table 3: Selected bond distances ( Å ) and angles (deg) for the known diorganotin compounds with carboxylate ligands.
fig1
Figure 1: (a) Anisotropic ellipsoid representation of complex 1. The ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Selected bond distances ( Å ) and bond angles (deg.): Sn1-O171 = 2.1069(18), Sn1-O172 = 2.5145(15), Sn1-O271 = 2.1086(15), Sn1-O272 = 2.577, Sn1-C31 = 2.086(3), Sn1-C41 = 2.091(3), O171-Sn1-O172 = 55.56(5), O172-Sn1-O272 = 83.39(6), and O271-Sn1-O171-C17 = 178.46(14). (b) Strong S n ⋯ O bonding interaction leads to the formation of a dimer.
fig2
Figure 2: (a) Anisotropic ellipsoid representation of complex 2. The ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Selected bond distances ( Å ) and bond angles (deg.): Sn1-O172 = 2.121(3), Sn1-O171 = 2.565, Sn1-O272 = 2.105(4), Sn1-O271 = 2.632, Sn1-C31 = 2.120(6), Sn1-C41 = 2.111(5), O172-Sn1-O272 = 81.66(13), O171-Sn1-O271 = 170.01, and O272-Sn1-O172-C17 = 177.6 ( 4 ) ∘ . (b) Strong S n ⋯ O bonding interaction leads to the formation of a dimer.

Study of the Peroxidation of Linoleic Acid by the Enzyme Lipoxygenase in the Presence of Complexes 1–6
The influence of complexes 1–6 on the oxidation of linoleic acid by the enzyme (LOX) was studied in a wide concentration range. The degree of (LOX) activity (A, %) in the presence of these complexes was calculated according to the method described previously [13]. The I C 5 0 values found for complexes 1–7 are 76 (1), 48 (2), 82 (3), 19 (4), 24 (5), and 11 (6)  𝜇 m, respectively. Thus, five coordinated (see Sn-NMR data) triphenyl organotin compounds 6 and 4 are the most active among this type of complexes showing the order of activity: 𝟔 > 𝟒 > 𝟓 > 𝟐 > 𝟏 > 𝟑 . Moreover, triorganotin complexes with p- H 2 BZA are found to be more active than the corresponding compounds with p- H 2 BZA. These values are also comparable to the ones found for other organotin(IV) complexes [13–17] and significantly higher than the corresponding cisplatin. For example, the I C 5 0 values found for the organotin compounds tested toward (LOX) were 25  𝜇 m [ ( 𝑛 - B u ) 3 Sn ( T B A ) ⋅ H 2 O] (HTBA = 2-thiobarbituric acid) [14], 26 and 14  𝜇 m for [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 2 SnCl(HMNA)] and [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(MNA)Sn ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 (acetone)] ( H 2 MNA = 2-mercapto-nicotinic acid) [13, 14], 19, 16, and 21  𝜇 m for [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(MBZT)], [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(MBZO)], [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(CMBZT)] [15] (MBZT = 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, MBZO = 2-mercapto-benzoxazole and CMBZT = 5-chloro-2-mercapto-benzothiazole), 10, 13, and 14  𝜇 m for [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn ( C M B Z T ) 2 ], [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn ( C M B Z T ) 2 ], and [ ( C H 3 ) 2 Sn ( C M B Z T ) 2 ] [15], and 61.3, 26.2, 20.5, and 16.9  𝜇 m for [ ( C H 3 ) 2 Sn ( P M T ) 2 ], [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn ( P M T ) 2 ], [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn ( P M T ) 2 ], and [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(PMT)] (PMT = 2mercapto-pyrimidine) [16]. Taking into account that higher LOX inhibition activity is found to be related to the high cytotoxic activity against sarcoma cells, compound 4, 5, and 6 are expected to show such high activity (see below).

2.5. Biological Tests

The high inhibitory activities of complexes 1–10 against LOX activity found prompted us to study the antiproliferative activity of them against sarcoma cells and compare these data with their structural features. Complexes 1–6 were tested for cytotoxic activity against leiomyosarcoma cells from the Wistar rat, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, benzo[a]pyrene) carcinogenesis. Cytotoxic activities for complexes 1–6 were evaluated as % percentage of the cell survived in variable concentrations of the complexes after 48 hours. The I C 5 0 values found were > 2000 (1), 150 (2), 150 (3), 5–10 (4),30–40 (5), and 25–35 (6) nm, respectively, indicating very strong cytotoxic activity against leiomyosarcoma cells. In accordance with the LOX inhibition activity, the five-coordinated triorganotin complexes 5, 3, and 6 showed stronger antiproliferative activity against sarcoma cell lines (see LOX inhibition activity). The order of activity of complexes 1–6 is found to be 𝟒 > 𝟔 > 𝟓 ≫ 𝟑 = 𝟐 ≫ 𝟏 . It is noteworthy to mention that triorganotin(IV) compounds 4–6 were found to inhibit LOX activity and anti-proliferate sarcoma cells stronger than di-organotins. Between diorganotin(IV) derivatives of o- H 2 BZA 1 and 2, the dibutyltin complex exhibits significant stronger cytotoxic activity than the corresponding one of dimethyltin complex. This is also observed in the case of substituted salicylic acids reported previously [34], where diethyl derivatives were found to show approximately 10 times lower activity than the corresponding dibutyltin complexes against human mammary tumor cell lines (MCF-7) and human colon carcinoma cell line (WiDr) [34]. The corresponding I C 5 0 values of other organotin(IV) complexes found against leiomyosarcoma cells were 5 and 125 nm for [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(MNA)Sn ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 (acetone)] ( H 2 MNA = 2-mercapto-nicotinic acid) [14], and [ ( 𝑛 - B u ) 3 Sn ( T B A ) ⋅ H 2 O ] (HTBA = 2-thiobarbituric acid) [14], 1500–3000, 1300–3000, and 500–800 nm for [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(MBZT)], [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(MBZO)], [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(CMBZT)] (MBZT = 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, MBZO = 2-mercapto-benzoxazole and CMBZT = 5-chloro-2-mercapto-benzothiazole) [15], 300–500, 600–800, and 5000–7500 nm for [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn ( C M B Z T ) 2 ], [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn ( C M B Z T ) 2 ], and [ ( C H 3 ) 2 Sn ( C M B Z T ) 2 ], [15] and 20000–60000, 700, 1000–2000, and 100 nm for [ ( C H 3 ) 2 Sn ( P M T ) 2 ], [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn ( P M T ) 2 ], [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 2 Sn ( P M T ) 2 ], and [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn(PMT)] (PMT = 2-mercapto-pyrimidine), [16]. From all of these values for the different compounds, it is clear that complexes 1–6 have high cytotoxic activity against leiomyosarcoma cells. Triphenylorganotin(IV) complexes 4 and 6 are the most active compounds of this series of compounds (where the I C 5 0 are 5–10 nm for 4 and 25–35 nm for 6) and they are classified among the most active organotin(IV) compounds tested.

Table 4 summarizes the I C 5 0 ( 𝜇 m) values for LOX inhibition in comparison with cell activity of organotin(IV) complexes 1–6 against sarcoma cells.

tab4
Table 4: I C 5 0 values for LOX inhibition activity and cell cytotoxic activity of organotin(IV) complexes 1–6.
2.6. Computational Methods–Docking Study

In order to investigate further the complex-LOX interactions, we performed computational molecular docking studies for the complexes 1 and 2 were X-ray data are available. The binding energy (E) of the substrate (S: linoleic acid) to its binding site in the enzyme LOX (E) when ES is the complex formed was E: − 7 . 8 9  kcal/mole [13]. The corresponding binding energies of inhibitors 1 and 2 (I), in ESI, are calculated to − 8 . 4 8 (1) and − 8 . 2 3 (2) kcal/mol, respectively, while the binding energies of EI are estimated to − 9 . 7  Kcal/mol (1) and − 1 1 . 4 (2) kcal/mol. According to the binding energy (E) values of ES in contrast to those of EI or ESI, it is found that both ESI and EI complexes could be formed.

Figures 3 and 4 show the binding site of compound 1 toward LOX in ESI and EI, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 bind to both ESI and EI complexes at the same pocket where the strong inhibitors of LOX bind [15], supporting its strong inhibition activity, found experimentally. Since high inhibition activity of LOX has been detected for all cytotoxic organotin(IV)-thione compounds tested previously, [13–17] strong activity would also be expected for compounds 1 and 2, although weaker than the others, tested in this study.

fig3
Figure 3: Binding sites of inhibitor 1 toward LOX in ESI and EI, respectively.
542979.fig.004
Figure 4

3. Conclusion

Organotin(IV) complexes (1)–(7) are found to inhibit strongly the peroxidation of linoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase. Five-coordinated organotin(IV) complexes 6, 4, and 5 ( I C 5 0 = 11, 19, and 24  𝜇 m, resp.) showed strongest LOX inhibition activity than the corresponding six-coordinated one (Table 4). Compounds 1–6, also, showed strong antitumor activity against sarcoma cells (Table 4). The highest antiproliferate activity against sarcoma cell lines is also shown by the five-coordinated triphenyltin(IV) complexes 4 and 6 ( I C 5 0 = 5–10 and 25–35 nm, resp.). Between tri- and diorganotin complexes, five-coordinated organotin complexes which have one free coordination position were found to exhibit stronger antiproliferative and LOX inhibition activity. These findings are in accordance to Huber et al. [12] who suggested that the structures of organotin carboxylates antitumor active compounds are characterized by (i) the availability of coordination positions at Sn and (ii) the occurrence of relatively stable ligand-Sn bonds, for example, Sn-N and Sn-S and their slow hydrolytic decomposition. Therefore, the geometrical feature of this type of complexes (1–6) seems to play important role in their antitumor and LOX inhibition activity.

4. Experimental

4.1. Materials and Instruments

All solvents used were of reagent grade, while o-, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and organotins chlorides (Alderich,USA), (Merck, Germany) were used with no further purification. Elemental analysis for C and H was carried out with a Carlo Erba EA MODEL 1108. Infrared spectra in the region of 4000-370 c m − 1 were obtained in KBr discs. The 1 1 9 S n Mössbauer spectra were collected at 80 K, with a constant acceleration spectrophotometer equipped with CaSn O 3 source kept at low temperature. A Jasco UV/Vis/NIR V570 series spectrophotometer was used to obtain electronic absorption spectra. The 1 H -NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AC250 MHFT NMR instrument in DMSO- 𝑑 6 solution. Chemical shifts 𝛿 are reported in ppm using 1 H TMS as an internal reference.

Preparation of the Complexes [ ( C H 3 ) 2 Sn ( o - H B Z A ) 2 ] (1), [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn ( o - H B Z A ) 2 ] (2), [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 3 Sn ( o - H B Z A ) 2 ] (3), [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn ( o - H B Z A ) 2 ] (4), [ ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 3 Sn ( p - H B Z A ) 2 ] (5), and [ ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn ( p - H B Z A ) 2 ] (6).
Complexes 1-2 were synthesized as follows: a suspension of the ligand (o-hydroxybenzoic acid, 0.138 gr, 1 mmol 1-2) in 5 c m − 3 distilled water was treated with a solution of KOH 1 N (1 c m − 3 , 1 mmol 1-2) and a clear solution was immediately formed. 5 c m − 3 methanolic solution of diorganotin(IV) chloride ( ( C H 3 ) 2 Sn C l 2 , 0.109 gr, 0.5 mmol for 1 and ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn C l 2 , 0.152 gr, 0.5 mmol for 2) was then added to the above solution. A white precipitate formed and the mixture was stirred for 4 hours. The precipitate was then filtered off, washed with 3 mL of distilled water and dried in vacuo over silica gel. Crystals of 1 and 2 complexes suitable for X-ray analysis were growth by slow evaporation of C H 3 OH/ C H 3 CN solutions ( 1 ∶ 1 ) . Complexes 3–6 were synthesized as follows: a suspension of the ligand (o-, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 0.069 gr, 0.5 mmol 3–6) in 5 c m − 3 distilled water was treated with a solution of KOH 1 N (0.5 c m − 3 , 0.5 mmol 3–6) and a clear solution was immediately formed. 5 c m − 3 methanolic solution of triorganotin(IV) chloride ( ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 3 SnCl, 135.6  𝜇 L, 0.5 mmol for 3 and 5, ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 SnCl, 0.193 gr, 0.5 mmol for 4 and 6) was then added to the above solution. A white precipitate formed and the mixture was stirred for 4 hours. The precipitate was then filtered off, washed with 3 mL of distilled water, and dried in vacuo over silica gel.
1 Yield 70.25%, m p > 2 5 0 ∘ C . Elemental analysis found C 45.21, H 3.95%; calcd for C 1 6 H 1 6 O 6 Sn C 45.4, H 3.81%. IR (c m − 1 ): 3467, 1631, 1444, 1388, 1157, 870, 700 580, 536, 446. 1 H -NMR (DMSO- 𝑑 6 , ppm): 𝛿 10.18 (s, 1H, phenolic OH), 7.83, 6.82 (d, 4H, C 6 H 4 C O 2 OH), 0.83 (s, 6H, Sn- C H 3 ).
2 Yield 65%, mp 6 3 ∘ C . Elemental analysis found C 52.53, H 5.43%; calcd for C 2 2 H 2 8 O 6 Sn C 52.1, H 5.56%. IR (c m − 1 ): 3450, 1628, 1419, 1334, 1159, 869, 702, 562, 530, 435. 1 H -NMR (DMSO- 𝑑 6 , ppm): 𝛿 10.16 (s, 1H, phenolic OH), 7.69, 6.75 (d, 4H, C 6 H 4 C O 2 OH), 0.86, 1.18, and 1.60 (t, m, 9H, Sn- C 4 H 9 ).
3 Yield 55.30%, m p > 2 5 0 ∘ C . Elemental analysis found C 53.95, H 7.42%; calcd for C 1 9 H 3 2 O 3 Sn C 53.43, H 7.55%. IR (c m − 1 ): 3450, 1633, 1458, 1352, 1157, 866, 703, 564, 538, 445. 1 H -NMR (DMSO- 𝑑 6 , ppm): 𝛿 9.91 (s, 1H, phenolic OH), 7.78, 6.66 (d, 4H, C 6 H 4 C O 2 OH), 0.88, 1.20, and 1.62 (t, m, 9H, Sn- C 4 H 9 ).
4 Yield 54.35%, mp 1 6 0 ∘ C . Elemental analysis found C 61.78, H 3.98%; calcd for C 2 5 H 2 0 O 3 Sn C 61.64, H 4.14%. IR (c m − 1 ): 3447, 1636, 1458, 1356, 1160, 863, 729, 600, 533, 420. 1 H -NMR (DMSO- 𝑑 6 , ppm): 𝛿 9.95 (s, 1H, phenolic OH), 7.72, 6.73 (d, 4H, C 6 H 4 C O 2 OH), 7.40–7.64 (m, 15H, Sn- C 6 H 5 ).
5 Yield 75.40%, m p > 2 8 5 ∘ C . Elemental analysis found C 53.66, H 8.25%; calcd for C 1 9 H 3 2 O 3 Sn C 53.43, H 7.55%. IR (c m − 1 ): 3190, 1636, 1458, 1419, 1165, 854, 702, 610, 509, 458. 1 H -NMR (DMSO- 𝑑 6 , ppm): 𝛿 9.87 (s, 1H, phenolic OH), 7.81, 6.69 (d, 4H, C 6 H 4 C O 2 OH), 0.90, 1.29, and 1.69 (t, m, 9H, Sn- C 4 H 9 ). 1 1 9 S n-NMR: -20. UV-Vis (solvent) 𝜆 m a x ( 𝜀 ): (DMSO) 237 (11418), (CH C l 3 ) 228 (9796) and (MeOH) 227 (15576). ESI-MS (MeOH, m/z): 450.0 [ { ( 𝑛 - C 4 H 9 ) 3 S n ( p - H B Z A ) } + N a ] + , 370.0 [ ( M ) - ( C 4 H 9 ) ] + , 336.0 [ ( M ) - ( C 4 H 9 ) 2 ] + , and 284.0 [ { ( M ) - ( C 4 H 9 ) 3 } + N a ] + .
6 Yield 50.05%, mp 1 6 0 ∘ C . Elemental analysis found C 61.96, H 4.20%; calcd for C 2 5 H 2 0 O 3 Sn C 61.64, H 4.14%. IR (c m − 1 ): 3234, 1617, 1431, 1347, 1166, 857, 695, 569, 511, 450. 1 H -NMR (DMSO- 𝑑 6 , ppm): 𝛿 9.89 (s, 1H, phenolic OH), 7.75, 6.76 (d, 4H, C 6 H 4 C O 2 OH), 7.42–7.66 (m, 15H, Sn- C 6 H 5 ). 1 1 9 S n-NMR: -212. UV-Vis (solvent) 𝜆 m a x ( 𝜀 ): (DMSO) 234 (5998), (CH C l 3 ) 232 (13123) and (MeOH) 225 (9695) ESI-MS (MeOH, m/z): 510.0 [ { ( C 6 H 5 ) 3 S n ( p - H B Z A ) } + N a ] + ions, 434.0 [ { ( M ) - ( C 6 H 5 ) } + N a ] + ,and 356.0 [ { ( M ) - ( C 6 H 5 ) 2 } + N a ] + .

4.2. Study of the Lipoxygenase Inhibition and Biological Tests

Experimental details for LOX inhibition activity of complexes 1–6 and their in vitro cells toxicity studies were described earlier [13–15].

4.3. Computational Details

Computational details have been described elsewhere [13–15].

4.4. X-Ray Structure Determination

Data were collected by the 𝜔 scan technique in the range 4 . 8 6 ∘ < 2 𝜃 < 2 4 . 7 1 ∘ on a KUMA KM4CCD four-circle diffractometer [37] with CCD detector, using graphite-monochromated Mo K 𝛼 ( 𝜆 = 0.71073  Å ) at 293(2) K. Cell parameters were determined by a least-squares fit [38]. All data were corrected for Lorentz-polarization effects and absorption [38, 39].

The structure was solved with direct methods with SHELXS97 [40] and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures on 𝐹 2 with SHELXL97 [41]. All nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, hydrogen atoms were located at calculated positions and refined as a “riding model” with isotropic thermal parameters fixed at 1.2 times the 𝑈 e q of appropriate carrier atom.

1. C 1 6 H 1 6 O 6 Sn: MW = 423.00, monoclinic, P 2 1 / 𝑛 , 𝑎 = 7.5321(3)  Å , 𝑏 = 21.8775(7)  Å , 𝑐 = 10.4440(4)  Å , 𝛽 = 105.505(4), 𝑉 = 1658.37(11)  Å , 𝑍 = 4, 𝑇 = 293(1) K, 𝜌 (cald) = 1.694 g c m − 3 , 𝜇 = 1.6 mm-1, 𝑅 = 0.0218, w 𝑅 = 0.0540.

2. C 2 2 H 2 6 O 6 Sn: MW = 505.14, monoclinic, P 2 1 / 𝑐 , 𝑎 = 9.3545(16)  Å , 𝑏 = 24.135(4)  Å , 𝑐 = 10.8625(18)  Å , 𝛽 = 107.781(18), 𝑉 = 2335.3(7)  Å , 𝑍 = 4, 𝑇 = 293(1) K, 𝜌 (cald) = 1.440 g c m − 3 , 𝜇 = 1.1 mm-1, 𝑅 = 0.0483, w 𝑅 = 0.1007.

Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) for the structures reported in this paper have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication nos. CCDC 705791 (1) and CCDC 705792 (2). Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge on application to CCDC (Cambridge, UK).

Acknowledgments

The Ministry of Higher Education and State for Scientific Research under the Partnership and Ownership initiative (ParOwn) of the Arab Republic of Egypt are acknowledged for the financial support to the first author, program cycle no. (0607). The work has been carried out in fulfillment of the requirements for the training of the first author within the graduate Program in Bioinorganic Chemistry operating in the Department of Chemistry of the University of Ioannina, Greece. S.K. Hadjikakou, N. Hadjiliadis, and I.S. Butler would like to thank a NATO grant for the exchange of scientists.

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