Abstract
Background. Treatment response for the Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) lung disease remains far from satisfying. An effective regimen is needed to solve the problem. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with M. abscessus lung disease who received antibiotics regimen at Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University between July 1, 2010, and February 1, 2018. Patients were administered a conventional antibiotics regimen (including macrolide and moxifloxacin, along with an initial 12-week course of low-dose cefoxitin and amikacin) or intensified regimen (including a higher dosage of cefoxitin and linezolid besides conventional drugs), respectively. The time to sputum-culture conversion and proportion of sputum-culture conversion in liquid broth were investigated to evaluate the efficacy and evaluation of safety by performing the classification of adverse events according to the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Patients were followed for 18 months from baseline. Results. In the conventional regimen group, the sputum conversion rate at 18 months was 29.4% (10/34), and the median time until sputum conversion was 2 months (IQR, 1-2 mo). Furthermore, in the intensified regimen group, the sputum conversion rate was 81.3% (13/16), and the median time until sputum conversion was 1 month (IQR, 1-1 mo). Leukopenia and drug-induced hepatotoxicity occurred more frequently in the intensified regimen group in contrast with the conventional regimen group patients. However, only 1 adverse event in the intensified regimen group was classified as severe adverse event. Conclusions. The intensified regimen could improve sputum conversion of M. abscessus lung disease compared with conventional regimen, but close safety surveillance is necessary to monitor adverse events.
1. Introduction
Despite significantly variable geographic distributions, Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) complex is one of the most important pathogens responsible for causing pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) diseases worldwide [1]. In some East Asian countries, M. abscessus complex is the second most common pathogen responsible for NTM lung diseases after the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) [2, 3].
Among the M. abscessus complex lung diseases, M. abscessus lung disease is more refractory to antibiotics in contrast with the Mycobacterium bolletii and Mycobacterium massiliense lung diseases [3–6]. Furthermore, a standard treatment regimen, recommended by guidelines, remains unavailable. Usually, a combinatory regimen including cefoxitin, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, and amikacin is used to treat M. abscessus disease [7]. Although culture conversion for the M. abscessus lung diseases reached ∼60% in the previous report in Korea, frequent adverse reactions due to antibiotics limit usage of the regimen [7]. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of an intensified regimen containing linezolid and a conventional regimen.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with M. abscessus lung disease who received antibiotics regimen at Beijing Chest Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University between July 1, 2010, and February 1, 2018. Patients with Mycobacterium bolletii and Mycobacterium massiliense lung diseases are excluded from the study. According to the risk for the participants and their information, the study was authorized the waiver for the informed consent by the hospital IRB.
2.2. Diagnosis of M. abscessus Lung Disease
Mycobacterial cultures were prepared as recommended in the standard guidelines. All cultures were grown in the BACTEC MGIT 960 system. NTM species were identified by gene sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA, rpoB and hsp65 genes, as previously described [8].
The computed tomographic images obtained at the time of diagnosis of M. abscessus complex lung disease were reviewed as the baseline CT in terms of disease patterns (i.e., either nodular bronchiectatic or fibrocavitary type).
Patients were diagnosed with M. abscessus lung diseases based on the diagnostic criteria of the American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines. All patients met clinical, microbiological, and radiographic criteria [1].
2.3. Treatment and Response Assessment
From July 1, 2010, to July 31, 2017, patients commencing antibiotic therapy were administered macrolide (clarithromycin 1,000 mg/d or azithromycin 250 mg/d) and moxifloxacin (400 mg/d), along with an initial 12-week course of cefoxitin (4 g/d in two divided dose) and amikacin (400 mg/d for weight ≤ 50 kg, 600 mg/d for weight > 50 kg).
From Aug 1, 2017, to Feb 1, 2018, patients were administered azithromycin (250 mg/d), moxifloxacin (400 mg/d), and linezolid (600 mg/d for the first 3 months, followed by 300 mg/d for the following months) along with an initial 4-week course of cefoxitin (12 g/d in three divided dose for weight ≤ 50 kg or 8 g/d in two divided dose weight > 50 kg) and 12-week amikacin (400 mg/d for weight ≤ 50 kg, 600 mg/d for weight > 50 kg). Both the conventional regimen and intensified regimen last 12 months after the first sputum conversion. Patients were followed for 18 months from baseline.
Complete blood cell counts, serum creatinine, and liver function test results were monitored twice a week in the first month. Imipenem (500 mg, three times a day) was used as a substitute if an adverse reaction associated with cefoxitin occurred.
2.4. Assessment of Microbiologic Response
Sputum-culture examinations were performed monthly until the end of treatment. Sputum conversion was defined as three consecutive negative cultures, taken at least 28 days apart, and found to be negative, with the time of conversion defined as the date of the first negative culture [9]. In such cases, the date of collection of specimen from the first negative culture is used as the date of conversion. If the patient could not expectorate sputum during treatment, the sputum was considered to have converted. Sputum reversion was defined as after an initial conversion, two consecutive cultures, taken at least 28 days apart, are found to be positive [10].
2.5. Assessment of Adverse Events
Adverse events were classified according to the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, and were recorded at any time during the treatment (Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix).
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data were summarized as means with standard deviations for continuous variables with normal distribution or medians with interquartile range (IQR) for those with nonnormal distribution. For categorical variables, values were reported as frequencies and proportions. Differences between groups were analyzed using Mann–Whitney test, Pearson χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative rates of positive culture. All statistical analyses were performed using PASW (version 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and a two-sided was considered significant.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
Thirty-four patients received conventional regimen while 16 patients received intensified regimen in the study. None of the 50 patients tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus. The demographic characteristics of participants at baseline did not differ significantly between the treatment groups except age and body mass index. Five (14.7%) and 2 (12.5%) patients in the conventional regimen group and intensified group, respectively, were either unable to produce sputum or had negative sputum cultures and subsequently underwent bronchoscopy. A diagnosis in these cases was established via culture from bronchial washing or bronchoalveolar lavage. In the conventional regimen group, 28 patients (82.4%) had the nodular bronchiectatic form, 3 (8.8%) with the upper lobe cavitary form, and 3 (8.8%) with unclassifiable variants. In the intensified regimen group, 14 (87.5%) patients had the nodular bronchiectatic form, 1 (6.25%) with the upper lobe cavitary form, and 1 (6.25%) with unclassifiable variants (Table 1). Body mass index and age did differ significantly between the two groups.
3.2. Clinical and Microbiologic Responses
As shown in Table 2, response rates based on symptoms were 16 of 34 patients (47.1%) and 12 of 16 patients (75.0%) in the conventional regimen group and intensified regimen group, respectively, at 1 month (), and 9 of 34 patients (26.5%) and 10 of 16 patients (62.5%), respectively, at 18 months ().
More patients in the intensified regimen group than in the conventional regimen group had confirmed culture conversion at both 1 and 18 months: 2 of 34 patients (5.9%) and 12 of 16 patients (75%) in the two groups, respectively, at 1 month (), and 10 of 34 patients (29.4%) and 13 of 16 patients (81.3%), respectively, at 18 months () (Figure 1).
In the intensified regimen group, the median time until sputum conversion was 1 month (IQR, 1-1 mo), compared with 2 months (IQR, 1-2 mo) in the conventional regimen group.
Among the 14 patients, who achieved initial sputum conversion after treatment in the conventional regimen group, 4 patients experienced a reversion of M. abscessus lung disease during the continuation phase. However, no patient in intensified regimen group experienced a reversion after sputum conversion.
3.3. Adverse Events
Compared with other antibiotics, adverse reactions associated with cefoxitin occurred frequently. Leukopenia (white blood cell counts, 2500/mm3) developed in 6 (37.5%) and 1 (2.9%) patients in the intensified regimen group and conventional regimen group, respectively. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (alanine aminotransferase levels > 50 IU/L) occurred in 4 (25%) and 2 (5.9%) patients in intensified and conventional regimen groups, respectively (Table 3). Because of these adverse reactions, cefoxitin was discontinued in 6 (37.5%) patients after treatment for a median of 23 days (IQR, 21–25 d) in the intensified regimen group, compared with 1 patient in the conventional regimen group. After the discontinuation of cefoxitin, the above adverse reactions resolved completely. There were no complaints of vestibular dysfunction or hearing difficulties attributable to administration of amikacin.
Gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., vomiting or nausea) associated with oral antibiotic usage occurred in 3 (8.8%) patients in the conventional regimen group and 2 (12.5%) patients in the intensified group. In the conventional regimen group, 2 patients were able to continue antibiotic therapy after reduction of the clarithromycin dosage (500 mg/d), whereas one patient required substitution of clarithromycin with azithromycin. Both of the patients in the intensified regimen group could tolerate drug after a short-term discontinuation.
Anemia associated with linezolid usage occurred in 1 patient in the intensified regimen group. Since the adverse event is classified as nonsevere, the patient completed treatment without discontinuation of linezolid. Arthralgia associated with fluoroquinolone occurred in 2 patients in the conventional regimen group and 1 patient in the intensified regimen group.
4. Discussion
M. abscessus is one of the leading causes of NTM disease globally, especially in East Asia. In Beijing Chest Hospital, M. abscessus lung disease accounts for 33.3% of the definite NTM lung disease cases [2]. A highly effective regimen to treat M. abscessus lung disease is still to be recommended. Although most M. abscessus strains were sensitive to cefoxitin, amikacin, and clarithomycin, treatment responses was underwhelming [3, 8]. Some scientists believe susceptibility of NTM could be overestimated in some occasions [11]. In 2010, our team initiated diagnosis and treatment of M. abscessus lung disease in China. M. abscessus lung disease cases were administered with a regimen based on a Korean experts’ report. However, several medications are different from the previous report. Firstly, we decreased the dosage of cefoxitin since the drug was discontinued in more than half of patients due to adverse events, including leukopenia, hepatotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia, in patients as indicated in the previous report and since the incidence of β-lactam antibiotic-induced neutropenia increases when parenteral treatment is used in higher doses and extended beyond 2 weeks [12, 13]. Secondly, doxycycline was not administered due to poor sensitivity for M. abscessus isolates [7]. It is unlikely patients could benefit from doxycycline usage. The treatment regimen is not limited to Beijing Chest Hospital but also widely recommended in other mycobacterial referral centers in China.
Unfortunately, treatment responses of this conventional regimen are poor. Only less than one third of the patients achieved sputum conversion at 18 months after treatment. Despite initial conversion, 4 patients got sputum reversion after initial conversion. We speculated that M. abscessus, a rapidly growing bacterium, could be induced for drug resistance if an inadequate regimen in the initial phase is administered. In addition, inducible resistance to clarithromycin in M. abscesssus isolates is related to lack of efficacy of clarithromycin-containing antibiotic therapy against M. abscessus lung disease [7]. Combination with new antibiotics, which are effective to inhibit M. abscessus isolates, can probably improve treatment responses. Linezolid, to which 93% M. abscessus isolates are susceptible in Beijing Chest Hospital, seems to be a promising option [8]. Although new guidelines recommend an intensified regimen in the initial phase [14, 15], to the best of our knowledge, there have only been limited studies to investigate efficacy of such regimen. From Aug 2017, we initiated an intensified regimen to treat the disease. In contrast with the conventional regimen, the intensified regimen included a higher dosage of cefoxitin, linezolid, and azithromycin instead of clarithromycin. Sputum conversion is significantly higher and faster in the intensified regimen group when compared with the conventional regimen group.
As far as adverse events were concerned, leukopenia and hepatotoxicity are more common in the intensified regimen group. Since these events, related to cefoxitin, occurred in the first month, a close safety surveillance is necessary during that period. There was no significant difference for anemia between conventional and intensified regimen groups, although linezolid was administered in the latter. There was no significant difference for arthralgia, vomit, and nausea between two groups. Although 10 patients in the intensified regimen group had adverse events, only 1 patient had severe event which attributed to the modified regimen after close safety monitoring.
The present study has several limitations. Firstly, our study is a retrospective case study that was conduced at a single center. Although a prospective randomized controlled trial would be the proper way to solve the problem, it is difficult to initiate such a trial due to limited cases. Secondly, the number of patients was not enough to give a convincing answer for the problem. However, compared with conventional regimen, most likely a more aggressive treatment could improve treatment responses of M. abscessus lung disease.
In conclusion, an intensified regimen is helpful for a favorable outcome for M. abscessus lung disease. However, careful surveillance of complete blood count and hepatic function is necessary for safety surveillance.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
Hua Li, Li Tong, Jun Wang, and Qingtao Liang contributed equally to this work. Naihui Chu, Xiaoyou Chen, and Hongfei Duan carried out the study conception and design. Yun Zhang was responsible for data acquisition and analysis. Hua Li, Li Tong, Jun Wang, and Qingtao Liang contributed to data interpretation and manuscript writing. Hongfei Duan was involved in critical revision and final approval of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2018ZX10302302), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals’ Ascent Plan (DFL20181602) and Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX201809).
Supplementary Materials
Table S1 in the supplementary appendix shows adverse events were classified according to the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. (Supplementary Materials)