Age and Cultural Differences in Self-Perceptions of Mastery Motivation and Competence in American, Chinese, and Hungarian School Age Children
Table 4
Means, standard deviations, and comparisons of the three age groups of Chinese children.
DMQ Scales
Grade
Partial eta2
Age group comparisons
4–6
7–9
10–12
MANOVA
17.23
<.001
.08
Cognitive persistence
3.89 (0.71)
3.82 (0.68)
3.44 (0.68)
58.40
<.001
.07
11, 13 > 16
Gross motor persistence
3.90 (0.82)
3.83 (0.78)
3.38 (0.87)
54.15
<.001
.07
11, 13 > 16
Social persistence with adults
3.55 (0.92)
3.26 (0.99)
2.96 (0.90)
34.90
<.001
.05
11 > 13 > 16
Social persistence with peers
3.87 (0.83)
3.77 (0.77)
3.43 (0.73)
39.49
<.001
.05
11, 13 > 16
Total persistence
3.80 (0.70)
3.67 (0.66)
3.30 (0.62)
67.19
<.001
.08
11, 13 > 16
Mastery pleasure
4.02 (0.83)
4.07 (0.79)
4.01 (0.77)
0.97
.379
.00
11, 13, 16
Competence
3.69 (0.81)
3.49 (0.85)
3.04 (0.75)
70.00
<.001
.09
11 > 13 > 16
Note. Standard deviations are given in parenthesis on the line below the means. The 10-11 y, 12–14 y, and 15–19 y age groups are labeled 11, 13, and 16, respectively, in the age group comparisons column because those were the approximate mean ages.
