Age and Cultural Differences in Self-Perceptions of Mastery Motivation and Competence in American, Chinese, and Hungarian School Age Children
Table 5
Means, standard deviations, and comparisons of the five age groups of Hungarian children.
DMQ scales
Grade
eta2
Age group comparisons
2
4
6
8
10
MANOVA
103.2
.08
Cognitive persistence
4.03 (0.68)
3.68 (0.64)
3.47 (0.64)
3.26 (0.63)
3.25 (0.57)
315.7
.14
9 > 11 > 13 > 15, 17
Gross motor persistence
4.31 (0.68)
4.08 (0.75)
3.86 (0.80)
3.59 (0.90)
3.36 (0.88)
322.0
.14
9 > 11 > 13 > 15 > 17
Social persistence with adults
4.12 (0.78)
3.61 (0.84)
3.42 (0.83)
3.30 (0.82)
3.24 (0.74)
199.1
.09
9 > 11 > 13 > 15, 17
Social persistence with peers
4.32 (0.72)
3.96 (0.70)
3.92 (0.69)
3.86 (0.67)
3.65 (0.65)
141.4
.07
9 > 11, 13, 15 > 17
Total persistence
4.19 (0.57)
3.83 (0.54)
3.67 (0.55)
3.50 (0.54)
3.37 (0.49)
423.6
.17
9 > 11 > 13 > 15 > 17
Mastery pleasure
4.28 (0.72)
3.97 (0.78)
3.82 (0.83)
3.88 (0.78)
4.08 (0.71)
55.4
.03
9 > 11 > 13, 15 < 17
Competence
3.78 (0.88)
3.28 (0.80)
3.26 (0.73)
3.20 (0.68)
3.22 (0.60)
97.6
.05
9 > 11, 13, 15, 17
Note. Standard deviations are in parenthesis below the means. The Hungarian children in grades 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 had average approximate mean ages of 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 so those are used in the age group comparison column. All overall Fs were significant at < .001.
