Research Article
Lost in Translation? Comparing British, Japanese, and Italian Children’s Theory-of-Mind Performance
Table 1
Proportion of participants passing theory-of-mind tasks.
| Indicator | Total sample | Gender differences | National group differences | Males | Females | | UK | Japan | Italy | |
| First-order false belief (nice surprise) | .78 | .78 | .77 | .05 | .81 | .84 | .68 | 7.77 | First-order false Belief (nasty surprise) | .88 | .87 | .88 | .05 | .93 | .85 | .84 | 4.03 | First-order false belief (chocolate) | .70 | .70 | .70 | .01 | .89 | .73 | .49 | 34.80* | First-order false belief (puppy) | .56 | .59 | .54 | .57 | .88 | .53 | .28 | 66.32* | Infer emotion from false belief (nice) | .63 | .65 | .61 | .63 | .62 | .65 | .62 | .17 | Infer emotion from false belief (nasty) | .71 | .70 | .71 | .05 | .78 | .57 | .77 | 11.86* | Second-order false belief (chocolate) | .34 | .32 | .35 | .19 | .43 | .31 | .27 | 6.09 | Second-order false belief (puppy) | .24 | .26 | .22 | .62 | .29 | .22 | .20 | 2.25 |
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Note. * (Bonferroni adjustment to compensate for multiple tests).
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