Lost in Translation? Comparing British, Japanese, and Italian Children’s Theory-of-Mind Performance

Table 1

Proportion of participants passing theory-of-mind tasks.

Indicator	Total sample	Gender differences			National group differences
		Males	Females	𝜒^2	UK	Japan	Italy	𝜒^2
First-order false belief (nice surprise)	.78	.78	.77	.05	.81	.84	.68	7.77
First-order false Belief (nasty surprise)	.88	.87	.88	.05	.93	.85	.84	4.03
First-order false belief (chocolate)	.70	.70	.70	.01	.89	.73	.49	34.80*
First-order false belief (puppy)	.56	.59	.54	.57	.88	.53	.28	66.32*
Infer emotion from false belief (nice)	.63	.65	.61	.63	.62	.65	.62	.17
Infer emotion from false belief (nasty)	.71	.70	.71	.05	.78	.57	.77	11.86*
Second-order false belief (chocolate)	.34	.32	.35	.19	.43	.31	.27	6.09
Second-order false belief (puppy)	.24	.26	.22	.62	.29	.22	.20	2.25

Note. *𝑃<.0062 (Bonferroni adjustment to compensate for multiple tests).