|
| Author (year) | Study period/study location | Database/study | N/population | Age/% male/ethnicity | HIV positive (%) | Substance use (%) |
|
| Prospective cohort studies |
| Gardner et al., 2003 [21] | 1993–2000/US | HIV Epidemiology Research Study | N = 885/women aged 16–55 years with HIV infection | Age: ≤30 years 21.4%, 31–44 years 68.4%/male 0%/African American 60.8%, White 20.7%, Hispanic 17.2%, and other 1.4% | 100% | 60.7% |
| Gebo et al., 2003 [22] | 1995–2000/US | — | N = 3730/patients with HIV infection | Mean age: 37.2 years (range 17–82)/male 67.5%/White 21.5%, African American 76.9%, and other 1.5% | 100% | 47.4% |
| Goodkin et al., 2017 [23] | 1996–2015/Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, UK, and US | Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study | N = 76689/age ≥18 years on hemodialysis | Mean age: 62.5 years/male 58.7%/Black 28.4%† | 0.8% | 2% in the last 12 months |
| Linas et al., 2011 [24] | 2000–2007/US | ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) | N = 3143/patients with HIV infection | Mean age: 40 years (SD 9.2)/male 83.3%/White 50.2%, African American 27.8%, Hispanic 19.2%, and other 2.7% | 100% | 9.7% |
| Mena et al., 2017 [25] ‡ | 1993–2014/Spain | --(University Hospital of A Coruna, Spain) | N = 2379/people with HIV infection | Mean age: 32.2 years at HIV diagnosis/male 75.2%/ethnicity NR | 100% | 48.8% |
| Rezk & Omar, 2017 [26] | 2012–2017/Egypt | — | N = 512/pregnant women | Age: 20–30 years 61.7%, >30 years 38.3%/male 0%/ethnicity NR | NR | 0% |
| Shankar et al., 2011 [27] | 2007–2011/Canada | — | N = 208/age ≥18 years undergoing primary liver transplantation | Mean age: 53.1 years (SD 9.8)/male 78.8%/ethnicity NR | NR | NR |
| Tandon et al., 2015 [28] | 2001–2011/US | OptumHealth Reporting and Insights Database | N = 19682/age ≥18 years with private insurance | Mean age: 52.0 years/male 61.4%/ethnicity NR | Excluded | 4.0% |
| Teshale et al., 2016 [29] | 2006–2013/US | Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study | N = 30393/age ≥18 years | Age: 46–60 years 69.2%/male 59.2%/White 63.1%, Black 23.7%, Hispanic 3.9%, Asian 3.3%, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 1.4%, American Indian/Alaska Native 1.4%, and unknown 3.2% | Excluded | NR |
| Tsui et al., 2009 [30] | 2000–2002/US | Heart and Soul Study | N = 981/outpatients with coronary heart disease | Mean age: 66.3 years/male 81.9%/non-White 39.7% | 2.5% | 7.6% |
|
| Retrospective cohort studies |
| Alvaro-Meca et al., 2016 [31] | 2005–2010/Spain | Spanish minimum basic data set | N = 5265/age ≥19 years with cirrhosis admitted to ICU | Median age: chronic hepatitis C 58.2 years, control 57.2/male 65.6%/ethnicity NR | Excluded | 37.3% alcohol and drug abuse |
| Ananthakrishnan et al., 2010 [32] § | 2006/US | Nationwide inpatient sample | N = 263062/hospitalized patients with HIV and/or HCV infection | Age for coinfected group: 36–50 years 55.7%, 51–65 years 33.3%/male 63.4%/White 38.2%, Black 26.6%, Hispanic 13.0%, other 3.2%, and missing 19.0% | 35.6% | NR |
| Baran et al., 2018 [33] | 2005–2016/Turkey | TurcoSCORE database | N = 120/patients undergoing cardiac surgery | Mean age: 61.1 years/male 50.8%/ethnicity NR | NR | NR |
| Batty et al., 2001 [34] | 1994–1997/US | US renal data system | N = 28692/renal transplant recipients | Mean age: 43.0 years/male 60.4%/ethnicity inconsistent data | NR | Inconsistent data |
| Best et al., 2015 [35] | 1990–2007/US | National hospital discharge survey | N = 8363266/noncirrhotic patients admitted for primary THA or TKA | Mean age: 67.3 years/male 38.5%/ethnicity NR | Excluded | NR |
| Camargo et al., 2019 [36] | 2007–2017/US | — | N = 13 (7 DAA, 6 pre-DAA)/Coinfected HIV/HCV kidney transplant recipients | Median age: 56 years (IQR 47–63)/male 84.6%/African American 76.9% | 100% | NR |
| Chen et al., 2002 [37] | 1992–1998/Taiwan | — | N = 252/patients who underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma | Mean age: 54.3 years (range 19–87)/male 77.8%/ethnicity NR | NR | NR |
| Cholankeril et al., 2016 [38] | 2003–2012/US | Nationwide inpatient sample | N = 1217165/adults hospitalized with HCV or HBV | Mean age: 51.4 years/male 62.3%/White 48.4%, Black 4.8%, Hispanic 11.4%, Asian 2.3%, and other 3.4% | AIDS 3.6% | 23.4% |
| Chowdhury et al., 2017 [39] | 2006–2014/US | Tricare insurance claims (from Military Data Repository) | N = 2262/age 18–64 years who received major orthopaedic surgery (spine, THA, and TKA) | Mean age: 52.6 years (SD 8.7)/male 51.5%/White 51.7% | NR | NR |
| Crowell et al., 2014 [40] | 2010/US | HIV research network | N = 12819/adults with HIV infection | Median age: 47 years (IQR 40–53)/male 71.7%/White 26.7%, Black 49.2%, Hispanic 20.8%, and other/unknown 3.4% | 100% | 17.4% |
| Crowell et al., 2015 [41] | 2006–2011/US | HIV research network | N = 15927/adults with HIV infection | Median age: HIV mono-infection 40.4 years (IQR 32.6–47.0), HIV/HCV coinfection 47.0 years (42.0–51.9)/male 76.8%/White 35.7%, Black 43.5%, Hispanic 17.7%, and other/unknown 3.1% | 100% | 16.7% |
| Dai et al., 2019 [42] | 2012–2015/China | — | N = 3402/age ≥18 years admitted with cirrhosis | Age: 40–59 years 60.4%, ≥60 years 21.6%/male 71.3%/Han 73.6%, and minority 26.4% | Excluded | NR |
| Davis et al., 2011 [43] | 2002–2006/US | Integrated Health Care Information Services (IHCIS) Managed Care Benchmark Database | N = 41324/patients enrolled in the US claims database with no HBV diagnoses, ≥6 and ≥12 months of continuous plan enrollment pre- and postdiagnosis of chronic HCV | Mean age: 48.9 years/male 60.7%/ethnicity NR | NR | NR |
| Deshpande et al., 2019 [44] | 2005–2016/US | Medicare | N = 291663/patients with HCV infection receiving hemodialysis | Mean age: 67.3 years (SD 15.2)/male 55.0%/White 55.0%, Black 32.5%, Asian 3.0%, Hispanic 5.8%, and Native American 1.4% | NR | NR |
| Duberg et al., 2011 [45] | 1990–2006/Sweden | Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control—National Surveillance Database | N = 258000/individuals diagnosed with HCV infection, compared to the general population | Mean age: 38.3 years (SD 12.8)/male 69.1%/Country of origin: Nordic 89.3%, non-Nordic European 4.9%, Asia 3.4%, Africa 1.1%, South America 0.8%, and North America 0.4% | NR | 9.6% in HCV group |
| Falster et al., 2010 [46] | 1999–2007/Australia | Australian HIV Observational Database | N = 842/patients with HIV infection | Median age: 41 years (IQR 35–48)/male 94.4%/ethnicity NR | 100% | NR |
| Fukui et al., 2017 [47] | 2010–2014/US | Medicare | N = 37165/hospitalized patients age ≥65 years or with qualified health conditions discharged to hospice | Mean age: 82.3 years/male 40.4%/White 87.2%, Black 8.3% | NR | NR |
| Gidding et al., 2010 [48] | 1992–2006/Australia | New South Wales Notifiable Diseases Database | N = 82601 (HCV only)/people notified of HCV mono-infection, compared to the general population of New South Wales | For the HCV group only,median age 37 years (IQR 29–44)/male 63.0%/ethnicity NR | Excluded | Hospitalization rate 29.0/1000 person-years for illicit drug use |
| Grau et al., 2018 [49] | 1990–2007/US | National Hospital Discharge Survey | N = 4717536/noncirrhotic patients hospitalized with surgically treated hip fractures | Mean age: 79 years/male 26.1%/ethnicity NR | Excluded | NR |
| Hill et al., 2018 [50] | 2011–2017/US | — | N = 378 (196 DAA, 182 untreated)/age ≥18 years with chronic active HCV with cirrhosis | Median age: DAA 59 years (range 18–82), untreated 56 years (range 35–74)/male 61.1%/White 56.3%, Black 11.4%, Asian 3.4%, other 26.7%, and unknown 2.1% | 6.3% | NR |
| Issa et al., 2015 [51] # | 1998–2010/US | Nationwide Inpatient Sample | N = 25372/patients who underwent primary THA or TKA | Mean age: 66.4 years/male 39.0%/White 86%, and non-White 14% | NR | NR |
| Kim et al., 2001 [52] | 1995/US | Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Database | N = 283000/hospitalizations related to liver disease from HCV infection or alcohol | Median age: HCV/ETOH 43 years, ALD 51 years/male 69.6%/ethnicity NR | 3.1% | NR |
| King et al., 2016 [53] | 1999–2011/US | US Renal Data System, Medicare | N = 3643/adult primary first-time simultaneous pancreas-kidney recipients | Mean age: 40.1 years/male 64.2%/African American 20.6% | NR | NR |
| Lee et al., 2019 [54] | 2005–2008/Taiwan | Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database | N = 115336/age ≥20 years without cirrhosis participating in the New Taipei City Health Screening | Mean age: 52.2 years/male 35.6%/ethnicity NR | 0% | 0% |
| Mahure et al., 2018 [55] | 2010–2014/US | New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) Database | N = 80722/age ≥18 years undergoing elective inpatient THA | Mean age: 65 years/male 44.7%/White 80.7%, Black 7.8%, Hispanic 3.8%, and other 7.7% | 0.8% | 1.1% |
| Marrie et al., 2017 [56] | 2000–2014/Canada | Provincial Lab for Public Health (Edmonton, Alberta) | N = 3251/age ≥17 years with invasive pneumococcal disease | Mean age: 54.6 years/male 56.5%/aboriginal 13.8% | 4.2% | 17.2% |
| McCombs et al., 2011 [57] | 2003–2008/US | Unknown Health Insurance Company | N = 17722/commercially insured patients | Mean age: 49.6 years/male 60.1%/ethnicity NR | Excluded | NR |
| McDonald et al., 2019 [58] | 2013–2018/Scotland | HCV Clinical Database | N = 1073/patients with chronic HCV infection and compensated cirrhosis, initiated on IFN-free DAA | Age: 45–54 years 42.4%/male 74.6%/ethnicity NR | NR | 62.6% PWID |
| Medrano et al., 2014 [59] | 2005–2010/Spain | Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set | N = 1891/age ≥19 years with HIV infection admitted to ICU | Median age: 43 years/male 77.5%/ethnicity NR | 100% | 49.8% alcohol and drug abuse |
| Meijide et al., 2017 [60] | 1993–2013/Spain | -University Hospital of A Coruna, Spain | N = 1937/hospitalized patients with HIV infection | Mean age: 36.4 years (SD 10.6)/male 75.0%/ethnicity NR | 100% | NR |
| Myers et al., 2009 [61] | 1993–2005/US | Nationwide Inpatient Sample | N = 581380 hospitalizations/age ≥18 years hospitalized with cirrhosis | Mean age: 57.0 years/male 60.8%/White 54%, African American 8.7%, Hispanic 12.4%, Asian/Pacific Islander 1.4%, and other 23.5% | 0.9% | 5.0% |
| Norton et al., 2012 [62] | 1996–2010/US | — | N = 261/age ≥18 years with HIV-1 mono-infection | Median age: 50 years/male 75.9%/White 40.6%, Black 54.4%, and other 5.0% | 100% | 18.0% |
| Patel et al., 2016 [63] | 2005–2015/US | UNOS Standard Transplant Analysis and Research Registry | N = 325/age ≥19 years who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation | Mean age: 55.9 years (SD 8.8)/male 78.7%/Black 7.1%, Hispanic 4.6%, other 4.0%, and White 84.3% | NR | NR |
| Rentsch et al., 2019 [64] | 1997–2014/US | Veterans Aging Cohort Study (Veterans Health Administration), Medicare | N = 155550/patients in the veterans health administration with and without HIV, HCV, and alcohol-related diagnoses | Median age: 47 years (IQR 40–54)/male 97.3%/Black 47.1%, White 39.9%, Hispanic 8.2%, and other/unknown 4.8% | 32.0% | 13.8% |
| Sayiner et al., 2016 [65] | 2005–2010/US | Medicare | N = 273132/patients born between 1945 and 1965 | Age: 50–54 years 25.5%, 55–59 years 30.5%/male 50.2%/White 72.3%, and non-White 27.7% | NR | NR |
| Schanzer et al., 2018 [66] | 2004–2016/Canada | Canadian Discharge Abstract Database | N = 2115–3255 hospitalizations per year, 331–464 inpatient deaths per year/inpatients diagnosed with chronic HCV and chronic liver disease | NR | NR | NR |
| Sharma et al., 2017 [67] | 2003–2010/US | Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients | N = 7220/age ≥18 years and older who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation | Median age: 59 years (IQR 52–66)/male 66.4%/White 73.9%, Black 7.6%, Asian 3.8%, Hispanic/Latino 13.6%, multiracial/other 1.1% | NR | NR |
| Singal et al., 2012 [68] | 1998–2007/US | Nationwide Inpatient Sample | N = 111726/patients hospitalized with alcoholic hepatitis | Age: 40–50 years 36.3%, 50–60 years 25.9%/male72.8%/Hispanic 7.8%, caucasian 52.6%, African American 11.0%, and others 28.7% | NR | NR |
| St-Jean et al., 2019 [69] | 2000–2015/Canada | BC Seek and Treat for Optimal Prevention of HIV/AIDS | N = 4046/age ≥18 years with HIV infection and ART-naïve, initiating treatment | Age: 30–39 years 30.5%, 40–49 years 35.4%/male 81.9%/ethnicity NR | 100% | 34.4% |
| Steinke et al., 2002 [70] | 1989–1999/Scotland | Epidemiology of Liver Disease in Tayside (ELDIT) Database | N = 1407 (with matched control), 366849 (general population)/registrants in a liver disease database, compared to general population in tayside, scotland | Mean age: HCV 34.8 years (SD 15.4), general population 42.5 years (SD 23.1)/male: HCV
68.4%, general population 48.9%/ethnicity NR | NR | OR 50.5 (95% CI 16.1–159.1) for methadone treatment in HCV group |
| Thuluvath et al., 2013 [71] | 1998–2006/US | Nationwide inpatient sample | N = 112351/noncirrhotic patients hospitalized with alcoholic hepatitis | Mean age: 46.5 years/male 67.5%/ethnicity NR | NR | NR |
| Tsui et al., 2006 [72] | 1996–2002/US | — | N = 6532/patients hospitalized with alcohol dependence or abuse | Mean age: 46.8 years/male 80.7%/White 41.0%, Black 33.1%, Hispanic 18.1%, Asian 3.2%, and unknown/other 4.7% | NR | NR |
| Wei et al., 2018 [73] | 2009–2011/US | Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database, California | N = 69612/age ≥18 years hospitalized with cirrhosis | Mean age: 59.4 years/male 61.9%/Caucasian 69.4%, African American 6.9%, Hispanic 0.7%, Asian/Pacific Islander 6.4%, Native American 15.8%, and other 0.7% | NR | NR |
| Wurcel et al., 2018 [74] | 2004–2014/US | — | N = 4673/hospitalized inmates age ≥18 years | Median age: 44 years (IQR 34–52)/male 92.6%/White 53.3%, Black 21.2%, Hispanic 12.0%, other 13.5%, missing data 1.5% | 2.5% | NR |
|
| Cross-sectional studies |
| Baum et al., 2008 [75] | 2002–2006/US | — | N = 192/age ≥19 years with HIV infection and active drug use | Mean age: 42.3 years/male 74.5%/African American 78.2%, Hispanic 15.1%, White non-Hispanic 6.3%, others 0.5% | 100% | 100% |
| El Khoury et al., 2012 [76] | 2010/US | US National Health and Wellness Survey | N = 612/age ≥18 years | Mean age: 53.4 years/male 62.1%/White 72.9%, Black 12.1%, Hispanic 7.5%, and other 7.5% | Excluded | NR |
| Vietri et al., 2013 [77] | 2010/France, Germany, UK, Italy, Spain | European National Health and Wellness Survey | N = 572/age ≥18 years | For HCV group only, mean age: 52.8 years (SD 13.49)/male 58.4%/ethnicity NR | Excluded | NR |
|
