Uncertain Associations of Major Bleeding and Concurrent Use of Antiplatelet Agents and Chinese Medications: A Nested Case-Crossover Study

Table 3

Potential risk of major bleeding associated with concurrent use of prespecified Chinese medications with antiplatelet agents^a.

CM^b	Number of users in different periods; (Case versus control period 1)			Exposure odds ratio; (95% confidence interval)		Number of users in different periods; (case versus control period 2)		Exposure odds ratio; (95% confidence interval)
	Case period^c	Control period 1^d	Both periods 1^e	Crude	Adjusted	Control period 2^f	Both periods 2^g	Crude	Adjusted
Any of prespecified CM^h	62	60	42	1.11 (0.59–2.10)	1.00 (0.51–1.95)^i	56	32	1.23 (0.73–2.07)	1.13 (0.65–1.97)^j
Any of prespecified single CM^k	16	15	6	1.11 (0.45–2.73)	0.95 (0.38–2.40)^i	16	8	1.00 (0.38–2.66)	0.76 (0.27–2.15)^j
Any of prespecified CM formula^l	61	60	41	1.05 (0.56–1.97)	0.94 (0.48–1.81)^i	55	29	1.23 (0.73–2.07)	1.12 (0.64–1.94)^j
Licorice^m	62	58	42	1.25 (0.65–2.41)	1.19 (0.28–5.09)^n	53	29	1.38 (0.81–2.33)	1.10 (0.35–3.42)^o
Ginger^m	49	45	30	1.27 (0.64–2.49)	0.84 (0.19–3.73)^n	40	18	1.41 (0.82–2.43)	0.72 (0.25–2.08)^o
Asian ginseng^m	41	37	24	1.31 (0.64–2.70)	1.49 (0.38–5.88)^n	26	13	2.15 (1.12–4.16)	3.27 (1.09–9.83)
Dong quai^m	39	39	23	1.00 (0.50–2.00)	0.95 (0.29–3.08)^n	35	16	1.21 (0.66–2.22)	0.86 (0.29–2.58)^o
Danshen^m	7	9	4	0.60 (0.14–2.51)	0.37 (0.08–1.78)^n	11	5	0.33 (0.07–1.65)	0.17 (0.02–1.16)^o
Turmeric^m	1	0	1	—	—	1	0	1.00 (0.06–15.99)	0.52 (0.02–17.50)^o

CM: Chinese medication; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence intervals. ^aThe total number of participants included in case-crossover study was 1,209; ^bthere were no patients prescribed American ginseng, garlic, and Siberian ginseng during the case or control period; ^cthe number of patients exposed to the prespecified CMs during 1–4 weeks prior to the index date; ^dthe number of patients exposed to the prespecified CMs during 6–9 weeks prior to the index date; ^ethe counts of concordant users were subtracted from total counts in case and control period 1 to give the numbers of discordant users for calculating the crude odds ratio; ^fthe number of patients exposed to the prespecified CM during 13–16 weeks prior to the index date; ^gthe counts of concordant users were subtracted from total counts in case and control period 2 to give the numbers of discordant users for calculating the crude odds ratio; ^huse of any prescription of the single CM or CM formula containing Asian ginseng, dong quai, danshen, ginger, licorice, or turmeric; ⁱadjusted for all comorbidities and comedications except cytoprotective agents; ^jadjusted for all comorbidities and comedications; ^kuse of any prescription of the single Asian ginseng, dong quai, danshen, ginger, licorice, or turmeric; ^luse of any prescription of the CM formula containing Asian ginseng, dong quai, danshen, ginger, licorice, or turmeric; ^muse of any prescription of the single CM or CM formula containing the specified CM; ⁿadjusted for all other specified CMs, all comorbidities and comedications except turmeric, and cytoprotective agents; ^oadjusted for all other specified CMs, all comorbidities, and comedications. Statistically significant difference.