Exploring the Effects of Hope on GPA and Retention among College Undergraduate Students on Academic Probation

Table 1

Student hope and GPA levels prior to and after UNIV 01.

	N	Beginning of semester GPA mean and standard deviation	End of semester GPA mean and standard deviation
Low hope (𝑀=42, SD = 5.24)	70	𝑀=1.65, SD=.37	𝑀=1.81, SD=.42
Medium hope (𝑀=50, SD = 1.57)	81	𝑀=1.66, SD=.48	𝑀=1.94, SD=.36
High hope (𝑀=57, SD = 2.99)	82	𝑀=1.71, SD=.37	𝑀=2.03, SD=.38