Patterns, Consequences, and Possible Causes of Dropout in Upper Secondary Education in Mexico

Table 5

Estimated association between macroaggregate factors and dropout rates with fixed effects.

Independent	National
variable	sample
Returns to higher Ed	−10.04
Returns to USE	−5.89
Returns to secondary Ed	−7.27
Ln GDP per capita	−34.25
% informal employment	0.005
% female labor participation	0.25
Teachers for USE campus	−0.445
% of 15–18 year olds that migrate	1.876
Constant	−332.01
No. observations	736

Source: own calculations. *, **, and *** indicate that the effect is statistically significant at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively.