Competence Models as a Tool for Conceptualizing the Systematic Process of Entrepreneurship Competence Development

Table 1

Description of the aims and definitions of the chosen EE competence models.

Model	Aim	EE definition
UK	Provide a competence model for potential EE learning outcomes for each level of the education system, and provide recommendations for when EE should be introduced to the curriculum and how it might be integrated.	EE is the process that supports the development of “behaviors, skills, and attributes that can be applied individually and/or collectively to help individuals and organizations of all kinds to create, cope with, and enjoy change and innovation involving higher levels of uncertainty and complexity as a means of achieving personal fulfillment and organizations’ effectiveness.” [39, p. ]
USA	Design a tool kit of standards and performance indicators for developing a curriculum for entrepreneurship programs supporting a lifelong learning process.	EE is a lifelong learning process that “prepares youth and adults to succeed in an entrepreneurial economy.” [34, p. 1-]
Danish	Provide a framework for EE that aligns the overall purpose of EE with learning outcomes, teaching content, and progression throughout the educational system. Also help to deliver feedback, evaluation, and assessment to support learning.	EE is the set of “content, methods, and activities that support the development of motivation, competence, and experience that make it possible to implement, manage, and participate in value-added processes.” [40, p. ]
Nordic	Clarify competencies and EE learning outcomes, and provide a tool for teachers and practitioners to plan learning outcomes and pedagogy for EE. Function as a reference point for decision makers who draw up legislation and frameworks related to EE, and support school leaders in providing relevant structures, environments, and EE development.	EE refers to “teaching that supports the development of entrepreneurial resources, competencies, and experiences.” [41, p. ]
EU	Identify key components of entrepreneurship in terms of competencies, establish a shared conceptual model that any initiative aiming to foster entrepreneurial learning can refer to, and plan learning outcomes suggesting what European citizens should know, understand, and be capable of to demonstrate a certain level of proficiency in entrepreneurship.	EE, specifically, is a process that supports the development of entrepreneurship competence, which implies “acting on opportunities and ideas and transforming them into financial, cultural, and/or social value for others.” [37, p. ]

Source. UK model [39], USA model [34], Danish model [40], Nordic model [41], and EU model [37].