Review Article

Competence Models as a Tool for Conceptualizing the Systematic Process of Entrepreneurship Competence Development

Table 3

Division of competencies based on Le Deist and Winterton [17] classification of entrepreneurial competencies stated in the EE competence models and in the literature.

Competencies related to the occupation (entrepreneurship)Competencies related to the individual (entrepreneurial person/entrepreneur)

Conceptual
Occupational: cognitive knowledge and understanding 
Individual: effectiveness, metacompetence, including learning-to-learn
(i) Project management and business planning
(ii) Defining an opportunity
(iii) Demonstrating creativity, problem solving, and systematic thinking
(iv) Different forms of idea generation
(v) Awareness of globalization and the consequences
(vi) Economic and financial concepts
(vii) Demonstrating cross-functional awareness
(viii) Understanding taxation
(i) Demonstrating commitment
(ii) Seeing and acting strategically according to the bigger picture (vision)
(iii) Identifying personal strengths and weaknesses and designing personal development plans to overcome weaknesses and develop strengths (pursuing self-development)
(iv) Learning from the experience: able to monitor and evaluate processes and use them in the learning process
(v) Learning-to-learn: able to identify opportunities for self-improvement within an organization and beyond
(vi) Ability to learn from failure and reflect on your own failures
(vii) Showing emotional self-control

Operational
Occupational: functional, psychomotor, and applied skills 
Individual: social competence, including behaviors and attitudes
(i) Taking action
(ii) Negotiating and persuading
(iii) Planning, developing and executing, and sticking to a project management plan and a sustainable business plan/strategy
(iv) Controlling costs
(v) Challenging basic assumptions with data
(vi) Identifying, testing, evaluating, and exploiting (business) opportunities
(vii) Gathering, analyzing, and evaluating information
(viii) Organizing constructive discussions
(ix) Managing a conflict
(x) Applying effective time management for oneself and in teams
(xi) Organizing constructive discussions
(xii) Designing value-creating processes
(xiii) Explaining concepts and opinions
(xiv) Presenting and public speaking
(xv) Writing and reporting skills
(xvi) Structuring idea generation processes
(xvii) Applying technical (subject-related) expertise
(xviii) Ability to get support (know-how) from external sources
(xix) Using economic and financial concepts to assess the financial health of an initiative
(xx) Managing risks by using strategies to reduce risks
(xix) Expanding a network effectively and meaningfully
(xxii) Identifying needed resources and allocating them efficiently to achieve goals (resource management)
(xxiii) Protecting ideas (intellectual property rights)
(xxiv) Monitoring the progress
(xxv) Using sensory concepts and creativity in relation to academic knowledge
(xxvi) Delivering results and meeting customer expectations (e.g., monitor and maintain quality and productivity)
(xxvii) Identifying and recruiting talent
(xxviii) Using creativity in all phases of the project
(xxix) Visualizing knowledge
(i) Adapting to changes in the environment and context
(ii) Dealing with ambiguity
(iii) Coping with pressure
(iv) Maintaining a positive outlook and working enthusiastically
(v) Helping others to identify their strengths and weaknesses
(vi) Encouraging others to take action
(vii) Seeking and introducing change
(viii) Leading and supervising (providing direction and supervising, coaching, delegating, empowering, motivating, and developing others)
(ix) Acting with confidence
(x) Accepting and supporting diversity in a team and utilizing it
(xi) Listening
(xii) Appealing to emotions
(xiii) Working together with others
(xiv) Encouraging and supporting organizational learning
(xv) Managing interdependency
(xvi) Taking responsibility
(xvii) Making an impact
(xviii) Making stakeholders take responsibility
(xix) Communicating
(xx) Upholding ethics and values
(xxi) Acting with integrity
(xxii) Showing social and environmental responsibility

Sources. UK model [39], USA model [34], Danish model [40], Nordic model [41], EU model [37], and Le Deist and Winterton [17].