Symptomatic Abdominal Simple Cysts: Is Percutaneous Sclerotherapy with Hypertonic Saline and Bleomycin a Treatment Option?

Souftas, V.  D.; Kosmidou, M.; Karanikas, M.; Souftas, D.; Menexes, G.; Prassopoulos, P.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/489363

Gastroenterology Research and Practice

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References Copyright Related Articles

Clinical Study | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 489363 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/489363

Symptomatic Abdominal Simple Cysts: Is Percutaneous Sclerotherapy with Hypertonic Saline and Bleomycin a Treatment Option?

V. D. Souftas,¹M. Kosmidou,¹M. Karanikas,²D. Souftas,³G. Menexes,⁴and P. Prassopoulos¹

Academic Editor: Gianfranco D. Alpini

Received05 Jan 2015

Revised27 Feb 2015

Accepted27 Feb 2015

Published23 Mar 2015

Abstract

Aim. To evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous sclerotherapy of symptomatic simple abdominal cysts, using hypertonic saline and bleomycin, as an alternative to surgery. Materials and Methods. This study involved fourteen consecutive patients (ten women, four men, mean age: 59.2 y) with nineteen symptomatic simple cysts (liver , kidney , and adrenal ) treated percutaneously using a modified method. Initially CT-guided drainage was performed; the next day the integrity of the cyst/exclusion of extravasation or communications was evaluated under fluoroscopy, followed by two injections/reabsorptions of the same quantity of hypertonic NaCl 15% solution and three-time repetition of the same procedure with the addition of bleomycin. The catheter was then removed; the patients were hospitalized for 12 hours and underwent follow-ups on 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months. Cyst’s volumes and the reduction rate (%) were calculated in each evaluation. Results. No pain or complications were noted. A significant cyst’s volume reduction was documented over time (). On the 12th month 17 cysts disappeared and two displayed a 98.7% and 68.9% reduction, respectively. Conclusion. This percutaneous approach constitutes a very promising nonsurgical alternative for patients with symptomatic simple cyst, without complications under proper precautions, leading to eliminating the majority of cysts.

1. Introduction

Large simple cysts in the abdomen may manifest symptoms in which case treatment is required for the patients’ relief. Symptoms are nonspecific and they most commonly include discomfort, bulking symptoms, meteorism, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, obstructive jaundice, and upper abdominal pain, for liver cysts, discomfort, abdominal fullness, flank pain, hematuria, or hypertension in the case of renal cysts as well as eventual spontaneous or traumatic cysts’ rupture [1–3].

Treatment of a simple cyst is indicated when it either becomes symptomatic or enlarges. The established treatment option is laparoscopic or/and open cyst removal. However, surgical treatment is associated with problems of morbidity and even mortality, especially in elderly patients. Additionally in the case of cysts deeply sited in the liver parenchyma or located into the posterior liver, as well as into the VII and VIII segments, it is difficult to reach them during laparoscopic exploration and they are prone to early cyst recurrence or appearance of complications [1, 2, 4–7].

The benign features of simple cysts make desirable their management with alternative less invasive methods, such as imaging guided percutaneous aspiration/drainage, as well as percutaneous drainage and sclerotherapy, often with a recurrence rate that varies and due to the presence of epithelial cell lining [8–11]. According to currently available data, percutaneous treatment for simple cysts has not been fully evaluated, yet [1].

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous sclerotherapy of symptomatic simple cysts, using hypertonic saline and bleomycin, as an alternative to surgery.

2. Materials and Methods

This prospective study involves fourteen consecutive patients (ten women, four men, mean age: 59.2 years old), with nineteen symptomatic cysts (liver , kidney , and adrenal ) that were treated percutaneously. Patients were enrolled if they had symptoms caused by a cyst and if the cyst had the preprocedural diagnosis of “simple cyst” by imaging criteria and clinical/laboratory exclusion criteria. Infected cysts, autosomal dominant polycystic disease, and cysts that did not meet the criteria to be characterized as “simple” were excluded. Simple liver cysts were typically visualized on ultrasound images as anechoic lesions, with thin/not discrete wall, smooth borders, absence of septations, strong posterior echo enhancement, and an accentuation of echoes beyond the cyst wall. On CT/MRI scans, simple liver and adrenal cysts appeared as well demarcated lesions with homogenous fluid attenuation/intensity and without enhancement after contrast administration. The renal cysts were Bosniak category I. The preprocedural laboratory tests included liver and renal function tests and hematologic tests as well as serologic tests to exclude parasitic cysts. For adrenal cystic lesions, apart from the above mentioned imaging characteristics of “simple” cysts (endothelial or epithelial), a proper clinical and laboratory evaluation of the patients as well as biochemical and hormonal tests to exclude functioning lesions (especially pheochromocytoma) was performed [24 h urinary metanephrines (or vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA)), 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, and 17-ketosteroids measurements].

The observed symptoms included discomfort ( patients), bulking symptoms (), intermittent pain (), and abdominal fullness and flank pain in three patients (Table 1). When there was uncertainty about the relation between the cyst and clinical symptoms, the possibility of a pathologic condition was clinically investigated and excluded. A written informed consent was obtained from each patient and this study was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital.

The procedure was performed on an inpatient basis. The patients were hospitalized for two days. Preparation before the intervention included platelet count, prothrombin time, activating partial thromboplastin time, and approximating the international normalized ratio. Prophylactic antibiotics were used in all patients.

All patients were monitored during the procedures. Initially a CT-guided percutaneous puncture was performed, with proper selection of the entry site. The puncture site was selected so that the liver cysts are approached through the thickest possible normal liver tissue and the kidney’s cysts are approached through a normal cortical tissue at Broedel’s relatively “avascular” zone, if possible, in order to reduce the risk of leakage from the cyst. After determination of the puncture site, antiseptic preparation and local anesthesia with lidocaine hydrochloride 2% (Xylocaine, AstraZeneca, Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France) were performed and a small puncture wound was made on the skin. The cyst was punctured with an 18-gauge percutaneous aspiration needle (William Cook Europe, Bjaeverskov, Denmark) and an amount of 50 mL of the cyst’s contain was aspirated. The sample of the cystic fluid was sent for cytological, microbiological, and biochemical examination. A “J’ shaped 0.035” guidewire was inserted into the cyst, 7-French dilatation of the percutaneous tract and an 8-French single pig-tail catheter were inserted over the guidewire. The cyst was drained by the gravity into a sac for 24 hours. The total amount of the drained fluid served as the indicator of the cysts’ volume.

On the next day, the integrity of the cyst was documented fluoroscopically by injecting 50 mL of iodinated contrast medium (iopromide, Ultravist 370 mg I/mL, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Leverkusen, Germany), dissolved in physiological sodium chloride solution (in a quantity 20–30% of the initial cyst’s volume), and mixed with local anesthetic ropivacaine hydrochloride 10 mg/mL, 100 mg (Naropeine, AstraZeneca, Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France). Possible extravasation or communications of the cysts with the biliary tree, the collecting system of the kidneys or vessels, were also precluded by the cystography under fluoroscopic control. The presence of extravasation or communication was an important exclusion criterion and no sclerotherapy was performed in these patients. This dissolution remained for 5 min in the cyst. Subsequently, after the reabsorption of the above fluid, two injections and reabsorptions of the same quantity (20–25% of the cyst’s volume before intervention) of hypertonic NaCl 15% solution were effectuated, followed by three-time repetition of the same procedure with the addition of bleomycin hydrochloride for injection (Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan) in the solution. The total dose of bleomycin administered to each of the patients was calculated on the basis of the body surface (100 mg/m²). A three- to five-minute time of exposure of the cyst’s wall to the sclerosants before the reabsorption was considered to be crucial for the adequate contact of the entire cyst’s endothelium on them. After the last reabsorption of the sclerosants, the drainage catheter was removed. The patients remained hospitalized for an additional 12 hours. Ultrasonographic (US) control and clinical evaluation, regarding the primary symptoms due to the cyst, were performed during the 12-hour postsclerotherapy hospitalization.

Clinical and imaging (US or/and CT) follow-up of the patients was performed on the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month. The cysts’ volumes and the percentage of reduction rate were calculated in each evaluation. The volumes of the cysts were calculated from images, before the treatment and during follow-up examinations. Each volume was determined by measuring the spherical lesions as volume = 4/3 (where is the radius of the sphere) and the nonspherical with the following equation for an ellipse: volume = length × width × height × 0.5233. The percentage of reduction rate in cyst’s size was determined by calculating the difference in the volume of the cyst before and after the sclerotherapy-intervention, divided by the volume before the intervention and multiplied by 100 (so as to have a percentage) as depicted in the following equation:The terminal goal of the treatment was the disappearance of the cyst. The cyst is considered to have disappeared if it could no longer be depicted on Ultrasonography (or Computed Tomography scans) or (on Ultrasonography) if an echogenic area was visualized in the anatomic area of the cysts’ location. The disappearance of the cyst was classified as a complete regression, when the volume reduction rate was greater than 85% as a near-complete regression, when the volume reduction rate was between 50% and 85% as a partial regression and when volume reduction rate was less than 50% as no response.

All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS v.20 software enhanced with the module “Exact Tests.” Descriptive statistical indices (minimum, median, and maximum values) were computed in order to summarize volume and reduction rate data. Following a statistically significant omnibus Friedman’s test, at significance level , the cyst’s sizes (volume) distributions across five time points were compared pairwise with Wilcoxon’s test. The significance level in all pairwise comparisons was adjusted according to Bonferroni’s criterion and was set to . In all hypotheses testing procedures, the observed significance level ( value) was estimated with the Exact Method (Mehta and Patel, 1999) [12]. Using this method the inferential decisions are valid even in cases where the methodological presuppositions of the corresponding nonparametric tests are not satisfied.

3. Results

None of the patients has complained from being in pain during sclerotherapy. No intervention-related immediate complications, such as vasovagal reflex, bleeding, fever, infection, flu-like symptoms, hair loss, target-organ dysfunction, or damage to adjacent organs, were observed.

Eight patients claimed symptoms relief even during the first hours after the treatment. For the remaining six patients complete relief of the symptoms was achieved 1-2 hours after the treatment of the second (four patients) or the third cyst (one patient).

No abnormalities were detected in the bacteriological, parasitic, cytological, or biochemical studies of the cystic fluid in all cases.

There was no evidence of procedure-related disease during the follow-up period. Neither major nor minor complications related to the procedure were encountered in short or long term follow-ups, especially regarding the use of the sclerosing agents (pain, other local or general symptoms indicative of tissue irritation, flu-like symptoms, cholangitis, cholangiofibrosis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, or skin hyperpigmentation).

A significant decrease of the cysts’ volume was noted at follow-ups. Cysts size decreased gradually over the follow-up period (Figure 1). Table 2 shows the calculated cysts’ volumes before treatment and at follow-up. Figure 2 (box plot) shows the cysts’ volume distribution, before and in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months after treatment. A less optimal result was noted on the smallest of three cysts (14, 15, and 16, Tables 1 and 2) treated in one session. Only two of them (14 & 15) were completely resolved despite cyst number 16 being located at liver segment VI.

(a)

(b)

Data analysis (Table 3) indicates that there was a statistically significant volume reduction over time (Friedman’s test ). The median reduction rate of the cyst’s volume was 58% in the 1st month, 92.6% in the 3rd month, and 100% in the 6th and 12th months (Figure 3). At the 12th month follow-up 17 cysts disappeared (complete regression) and 2 displayed a reduction rate of 98.7% (near-complete regression) and 68.9% (partial regression), respectively. Volume at month 6 is not statistically different from volume at month 12 ().

4. Discussion

Therapeutic consequences can only be driven if the cysts become symptomatic because of their position, increasing size, hemorrhage, or superinfection. Τhere has been no consensus on the optimal approach to management of simple cystic disease [13].

Conventional surgical treatment of simple hepatic cysts consisted of complete excision of the cyst. However, the high incidence of complications associated with such a radical procedure led to the conclusion that deroofing the cyst (“fenestration,” “marsupialisation”) was an effective mode of treatment [14, 15]. The technique during the laparoscopic procedure is also important for the outcome [2, 7, 13]. Fenestration of the cyst by laparotomy or laparoscopic deroofing, with the widest possible excision of the wall and coagulation, showed high success rates and was regarded as the standard procedure for a long time [13]. Lin procedure by deroofing the cyst wall using electrocautery or harmonic shears is important to avoid cyst recurrence, but great precautions should be taken to keep a 1 cm distance from the parenchymal liver edge in order to avoid bleeding or bile leak from liver parenchyma [7]. When deroofing, special caution should be taken not to resect hepatic parenchyma, given that transected bile ducts may lead to postoperative bile leaks [2]. Reported complications associated with laparoscopic treatment of simple liver cysts include wound infection, bile leak, chest infection, subphrenic hematoma, and prolonged drainage after procedure [16].

Laparoscopic treatment is now the golden standard for treating selected, huge, accessible, highly symptomatic, or complicated liver cysts. In contrast, the laparoscopic approach is not useful for patients suffering from adult polycystic liver disease (PLD), except for type I PLD with large multiple hepatic cysts [13–15]. A strict selection of patients is mandatory. The best candidates for a laparoscopic approach are large, superficial, accessible cysts at the liver surface, located in the anterior segments of the right liver or in the lateral left liver (segments II to VI in the Couinaud classification) [13]. Large cysts in the right posterior lobe have a high recurrence rate [2]. Atypical hepatic resections are the best technique to treat large, simple hepatic cysts, especially those located in the intermediate and posterior segments [17]. Simple cysts located in segment VIII are more prone to early cyst recurrence after laparoscopic deroofing because the residual cyst cavity is immediately covert by the diaphragm, except if in situ omentoplasty is employed to obliterate the cystic cavity [6].

A few results of surgical treatment for simple liver cysts were reported. Laparoscopic management of simple cystic lesions of the liverhas complications for up to 18% of the cases, procedure’s conversion for up to 23%, reoperation for up to 18%, and recurrence rate for up to 44%. The worldwide reported experience with laparoscopic management of simple liver cysts varies in different series and is detailed in Table 4 [5, 6, 18–24].

The Bosniak renal cyst classification has, thus far, passed the test of time and has been a useful method for diagnosing and suggesting the management of cystic lesions of the kidneys [25, 26]. Although a causative association between simple renal cysts and patient symptoms is not always justified, the vast majority of studies indicate that symptomatic renal cysts should be treated. Symptomatic simple cysts can be treated in various ways, ranging from simple aspiration, with or without the use of sclerotic agents, to surgical excision via open, percutaneous, laparoscopic, or robotic surgery [27, 28]. Laparoscopic deroofing treatment for simple renal cysts seems to be more effective than percutaneous methods, but it needs hospitalization for a significantly longer period, while complications are happening too [29]. Randomised studies with large patient groups are required to compare effectiveness, complications, and costs of laparoscopic and percutaneous techniques [27]. Up to date, percutaneous drainage and sclerotherapy for symptomatic simple (Bosniak category I) renal cysts have been used as a frontline treatment before surgical and laparoscopic methods because of their minimally invasive nature [30–40].

Adrenal cysts are rare and are pathologically classified as endothelial, epithelial, pseudocystic, or parasitic. Adrenal endothelial cysts are the most common ones, followed by pseudocysts [41]. Endothelial cysts comprise 45% of adrenal cysts. Imaging usually describes endothelial cysts the same as seen for simple cysts of other organs. Epithelial cysts or “true cysts” are much like “simple” endothelial cysts, with smooth, flattened lining, albeit their walls are lined with true epithelium. They are rare, with 6–9% incidence, and some authors doubt their existence because adrenal cells do not contain any true acini from which a follicular cyst may develop [42]. Potential interventions include percutaneous needle aspiration or sclerotherapy, surgical resection, or cyst unroofing. Percutaneous management has been suggested as an alternative treatment option if the cyst is not hormonally active and if there is no suspicion of malignancy [43, 44]. Surgical excision is indicated in the presence of symptoms, suspicion of malignancy, and increase in the size or detection of a functioning adrenal cyst. En bloc adrenalectomy, preferably by a laparoscopic approach, has become the treatment of choice [45, 46].

Percutaneous aspiration of hepatic cysts does not provide definitive therapy and has a high recurrence rate (78–100%) due to the presence of epithelial cell lining [8–10]. Mazza et al. agree that recurrence after simple puncture and aspiration of the cyst is almost guaranteed [2]. High rate of recurrence after treatment of the cysts only by percutaneous drainage is data consistent with other reports [1, 47, 48]. Percutaneous drainage, with or without sclerosing agents, is the most preferable among the alternative methods of simple cysts’ treatment [4, 10, 30]. Several studies evaluated the effectiveness of percutaneous drainage using various sclerosants in the treatment of abdominal cysts [4]. Several sclerosing agents have been used, including ethanol, glucose, phenol, iophendylate, pantopaque, minocycline hydrochloride, povidone-iodine, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, holmium-166-chitosan complex, ethanolamine oleate, tetracycline hydrochlorate, doxycycline, hypertonic saline solution, and bleomycin [3, 31, 49–52]. The sclerosing agent mostly used is ethanol [1, 4, 33–36, 47, 48]. The treatment with alcohol varies significantly in various studies with respect to the time of exposure to ethanol and the number of sclerotherapy sessions [1]. Egilmez et al. [3] concluded that single-session and multiple sessions using ethanol sclerotherapy are equally effective procedures, with or without very low rate of recurrence (2%). Alcohol destroys the cells lining into the cyst cavity, thus disabling cystic fluid secretion and resulting in cyst resolution [9]. The mechanism of alcohol sclerotherapy involves protein denaturation, cell death, and fibrous scarring. However the main disadvantage of this method is the remarkably intense pain induced during the cyst’s filling [1].

Only two studies were found in the literature referring to the evaluation of the percutaneous use of hypertonic saline for the management of simple renal cysts [3, 50], while there are several published studies related to the successful use of hypertonic saline sclerotherapy in patients with hydatid liver cysts as a primary treatment [3]. According to Egilmez et al., sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol is more effective and more painful than 20% hypertonic saline sclerotherapy [3].

Bleomycin sulfate for injection is a mixture of cytotoxic glycopeptide antibiotics isolated from a strain of streptococcus verticillus, useful in the management of squamous cell carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, and lymphomas. It has also been proven to be an effective sclerosant in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion and recurrence of pleural effusion [53, 54]. Duncan and van der Nest proposed bleomycin intralesional injection as an alternative to the treatment of recurrent intractable epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia [54]. The induction of sclerosis is mediated by inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines as well as by the direct effect of bleomycin on extracellular matrix synthesis in fibroblasts [55]. Percutaneous intralesional administration of bleomycin, as sclerosant, to treat lymphatic and slow-flow vascular malformations, is in use for many years [56, 57]. Single-session percutaneous needle aspiration and single-injection bleomycin sclerotherapy have been recently used for the management of simple renal cysts [51].

Table 5 shows that percutaneous treatment of symptomatic simple cysts of the liver and kidneys, using sclerosants or prolonged catheter drainage with negative pressure, is effective and safe [1, 9, 30–32, 47, 50–52, 58–65]. The complications noted were minor, such as pain, vasovagal reflex, fever, nausea, causalgia, drunkenness (if alcohol was used), and very rarely complications that need surgical treatment. The use of minocycline hydrochloride as a sclerosant, with sessions repeated daily for 7-8 days, performed in a limited number of patients, seems to be the most effective one [65]. Prolonged catheter drainage with negative pressure for 24 hours seems to be as effective as alcohol sclerotherapy [1, 56]. In the latter, alcohol has to be retained into the cyst for several times (20 min to 4 hours) triggering several complications during the procedure, mostly pain [1, 30, 47, 56, 58–61, 63].

In this study for the first time combination of hypertonic saline 15% and bleomycin as sclerosants is used for percutaneous treatment of simple cysts. This combination proved to be very effective in our cases, since 17/19 cysts (81%) disappeared and the remaining two displayed a reduction rate of 98.74% (near-complete response) and 68.9% (partial regression), respectively. These data promise a lot and are of the best, compared with those published by others for percutaneous treatment of simple cysts at any location (Table 5). An important advance of this method is the absence of pain during the treatment. This is attributed to the local anesthetic, which we introduced into the lumen of the cyst, mixed with the iodinated contrast medium to sustain the cysts’ integrity, before the sclerosants administration. Furthermore, cysts’ integrity was fundamental for the short and long term patient’s safety, when agents as hypertonic saline and bleomycin were administered.

In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that percutaneous sclerotherapy using hypertonic NaCl 15% and bleomycin is a very promising nonsurgical alternative method for patients with symptomatic simple cyst leading to elimination in the majority of cysts. The proposed technique is a one-session intervention that can be done with very short hospitalization (or even in outpatient basis), not painful at all, and without complications when performed under the proper precautions. Larger scale studies are needed to provide the value of percutaneous sclerotherapy using hypertonic sodium chloride and bleomycin regarding the treatment of the simple cysts at any location.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

E. Zerem, G. Imamović, and S. Omerović, “Percutaneous treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic benign liver cysts: single-session alcohol sclerotherapy versus prolonged catheter drainage with negative pressure,” European Radiology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 400–406, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. M. Mazza, D. L. Fernandez, J. Pekolj et al., “Management of nonparasitic hepatic cysts,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 209, no. 6, pp. 733–739, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Egilmez, V. Gok, I. Oztoprak et al., “Comparison of CT-guided sclerotherapy with using 95% ethanol and 20% hypertonic saline for managing simple renal cyst,” Korean Journal of Radiology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 512–519, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. C. Lucey and E. Kuligowska, “Radiologic management of cysts in the abdomen and pelvis,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 186, no. 2, pp. 562–573, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. F. Gigot, M. Legrand, G. Hubens et al., “Laparoscopic treatment of nonparasitic liver cysts: adequate selection of patients and surgical technique,” World Journal of Surgery, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 556–561, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. F. Gigot, S. Metairie, J. Etienne et al., “The surgical management of congenital liver cysts: the need for a tailored approach with appropriate patient selection and proper surgical technique,” Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 357–363, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Y. Lin, C. C. Chen, and S. M. Wang, “Treatment of non-parasitic cystic disease of the liver: a new approach to therapy with polycystic liver,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 168, no. 5, pp. 921–927, 1968.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Koperna, S. Vogl, U. Satzinger, and F. Schulz, “Nonparasitic cysts of the liver: results and options of surgical treatment,” World Journal of Surgery, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 850–855, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Saini, P. R. Mueller, J. T. Ferrucci Jr., J. F. Simeone, J. Wittenberg, and R. J. Butch, “Percutaneous aspiration of hepatic cysts does not provide definitive therapy,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 559–560, 1983.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Regev, K. R. Reddy, M. Berho et al., “Large cystic lesions of the liver in adults: a 15-year experience in a tertiary center,” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol. 193, no. 1, pp. 36–45, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Klode, K. Klötgen, A. Körber, D. Schadendorf, and J. Dissemond, “Polidocanol foam sclerotherapy is a new and effective treatment for post-operative lymphorrhea and lymphocele,” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 904–909, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. R. Mehta and N. R. Patel, “Exact permutational inference for categorical and nonparametric data,” in Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research, R. H. Hoyle, Ed., pp. 133–166, Sage Publications, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
J.-F. Gigot, C. Hubert, R. Banice, and M. L. Kendrick, “Laparoscopic management of benign liver diseases: where are we?” HPB, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 197–212, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
D. E. M. Litwin, B. R. Taylor, B. Langer, and P. Greig, “Nonparasitic cysts of the liver: the case for conservative surgical management,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 205, no. 1, pp. 45–48, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. D. Edwards, F. E. Eckhauser, J. A. Knol, W. E. Strodel, and H. D. Appelman, “Optimizing surgical management of symptomatic solitary hepatic cysts,” The American Surgeon, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 510–514, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Regev and K. R. Reddy, “Benign solid and cystic tumors of the liver,” in Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas: GI Requisite Series, Volume 3, K. R. Reddy and W. B. Long, Eds., vol. 3 of The Requisites in Gastroenterology, pp. 189–214, Edinburgh, UK, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Amendolara, D. Bucca, C. Barbarino et al., “Surgical management of symptomatic simple hepatic cysts.,” Il Giornale di chirurgia, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 17–20, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Katkhouda, M. Hurwitz, J. Gugenheim et al., “Laparoscopic management of benign solid and cystic lesions of the liver,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 229, no. 4, pp. 460–466, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. H. Payatakes, S. K. Kakkos, E. G. Solomou, K. N. Tepetes, and D. D. Karavias, “Surgical treatment of non-parasitic hepatic cysts: report of 12 cases,” European Journal of Surgery, vol. 165, no. 12, pp. 1154–1158, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zalaba, T. F. Tihanyi, T. Winternitz, L. Nehéz, and L. Flautner, “The laparoscopic treatment of non-parasitic liver cysts. Five years experience,” Acta Chirurgica Hungarica, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 221–223, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Zacherl, C. Scheuba, M. Imhof, R. Jakesz, and R. Függer, “Long-term results after laparoscopic unroofing of solitary symptomatic congenital liver cysts,” Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 59–62, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Fiamingo, U. Tedeschi, M. Veroux et al., “Laparoscopic treatment of simple hepatic cysts and polycystic liver disease,” Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 623–626, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A.-H. Kwon, Y. Matsui, H. Inui, A. Imamura, and Y. Kamiyama, “Laparoscopic treatment using an argon beam coagulator for nonparasitic liver cysts,” The American Journal of Surgery, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 273–277, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. M. H. Gall, G. C. Oniscu, K. Madhavan, R. W. Parks, and O. J. Garden, “Surgical management and longterm follow-up of non-parasitic hepatic cysts,” HPB, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 235–241, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Bosniak, “The current radiological approach to renal cysts,” Radiology, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 1986.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Bosniak, “The Bosniak renal cyst classification: 25 Years later,” Radiology, vol. 262, no. 3, pp. 781–785, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Skolarikos, M. P. Laguna, and J. J. M. C. H. de la Rosette, “Conservative and radiological management of simple renal cysts: a comprehensive review,” BJU International, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 170–178, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Terada, Y. Arai, N. Kinukawa, and A. Terai, “The 10-year natural history of simple renal cysts,” Urology, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 7–11, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. Okeke, A. E. Mitchelmore, F. X. Keeley Jr., and A. G. Timoney, “A comparison of aspiration and sclerotherapy with laparoscopic de-roofing in the management of symptomatic simple renal cysts,” BJU International, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 610–613, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Touloupidis, G. Fatles, V. Rombis, A. Papathanasiou, and E. Balaxis, “Percutaneous drainage of simple cysts of the kidney: a new method,” Urologia Internationalis, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 169–172, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Kwon, J. H. Oh, T.-S. Seo, and H. C. Park, “Efficacy of single-session percutaneous drainage and 50% acetic acid sclerotherapy for treatment of simple renal cysts,” CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1227–1233, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Yamamoto, H. Sakaguchi, H. Anai et al., “Sclerotherapy for simple cysts with use of ethanolamine oleate: preliminary experience,” CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 751–755, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. M. Hanna and M. H. Dahniya, “Aspiration and sclerotherapy of symptomatic simple renal cysts: value of two injections of a sclerosing agent,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 781–783, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Fontana, F. Porpiglia, I. Morra, and P. Destefanis, “Treatment of simple renal cysts by percutaneous drainage with three repeated alcohol injections,” Urology, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 904–907, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Delakas, I. Karyotis, P. Loumbakis, G. Daskalopoulos, N. Charoulakis, and A. Cranidis, “Long-term results after percutaneous minimally invasive procedure treatment of symptomatic simple renal cysts,” International Urology and Nephrology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 321–326, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Paananen, P. Hellström, S. Leinonen et al., “Treatment of renal cysts with single-session percutaneous drainage and ethanol sclerotherapy: long-term outcome,” Urology, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 30–33, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-H. Lin, H.-B. Pan, H.-L. Liang et al., “Single-session alcohol-retention sclerotherapy for simple renal cysts: comparison of 2- and 4-hr retention techniques,” The American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 185, no. 4, pp. 860–866, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Kim, M. W. Moon, H. J. Lee, J. S. Sim, and C. Ahn, “Renal cyst ablation with n-butyl cyanoacrylate and iodized oil in symptomatic patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: preliminary report,” Radiology, vol. 226, no. 2, pp. 573–576, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T.-S. Seo, J. H. Oh, Y. Yoon et al., “Acetic acid as a sclerosing agent for renal cysts: comparison with ethanol in follow-up results,” CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 177–181, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Li, C.-C. Chen, and X.-Q. Zeng, “One-year results of single-session sclerotherapy with bleomycin in simple renal cysts,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1651–1656, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
O. A. Castillo, J. P. Litvak, M. Kerkebe, and R. D. Urena, “Laparoscopic management of and large adrenal cysts,” The Journal of Urology, vol. 173, pp. 915–917, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Wedmid and M. Palese, “Diagnosis and treatment of the adrenal cyst,” Current Urology Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 44–50, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. G. Lal, K. R. Kaulback, A. Bombonati, J. P. Palazzo, R. B. Jeffrey, and R. J. Weigel, “Surgical management of adrenal cysts,” American Surgeon, vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 812–814, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
P. V. Pradeep, A. K. Mishra, V. Aggarwal, P. R. K. Bhargav, S. K. Gupta, and A. Agarwal, “Adrenal cysts: an institutional experience,” World Journal of Surgery, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1817–1820, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. H. Grogan, E. Mitmaker, M. R. Vriens et al., “Adrenal incidentaloma: does an adequate workup rule out surprises?” Surgery, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 392–397, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Schmid, T. Mussack, M. Wörnle, M. C. Pietrzyk, and B. Banas, “Clinical management of large adrenal cystic lesions,” International Urology and Nephrology, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 767–771, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Akinci, O. Akhan, M. Ozmen et al., “Long-term results of single-session percutaneous drainage and ethanol sclerotherapy in simple renal cysts,” European Journal of Radiology, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 298–302, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Erdogan, O. M. van Delden, E. A. J. Rauws et al., “Results of percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical treatment in patients with symptomatic simple liver cysts and polycystic liver disease,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 13, no. 22, pp. 3095–3100, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Nakaoka, K. Das, M. Kudo, H. Chung, and T. Innoue, “Percutaneous aspiration and ethanolamine oleate sclerotherapy for sustained resolution of symptomatic polycystic liver disease: an initial experience,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 193, no. 6, pp. 1540–1545, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Jusufovic and E. Zerem, “Percutaneous treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic benign liver cysts with 20% NaCl solution.,” Medicinski Arhiv, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 35–37, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Li, C. C. Chen, and X. Q. Zeng, “One-year results of single-session sclerotherapy with bleomycin in simple renal cysts,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1651–1656, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Mohsen and M. A. Gomha, “Treatment of symptomatic simple renal cysts by percutaneous aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy,” BJU International, vol. 96, no. 9, pp. 1369–1372, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. C. Morrison, P. R. Mueller, M. J. Lee et al., “Sclerotherapy of malignant pleural effusion through sonographically placed small-bore catheters,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 41–43, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. C. Duncan and L. van der Nest, “Intralesional bleomycin injections for the palliation of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia,” American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1144–1146, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Yamamoto and K. Nishioka, “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bleomycin-induced murine scleroderma: current update and future perspective,” Experimental Dermatology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 81–95, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. N. Mathur, I. Rana, R. Bothra, R. Dhawan, G. Kathuria, and T. Pradhan, “Bleomycin sclerotherapy in congenital lymphatic and vascular malformations of head and neck,” International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 75–80, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Alomari and J. Dubois, “Interventional management of vascular malformations,” Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 22–31, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. I. Kairaluoma, A. Leinonen, M. Ståhlberg, M. Päivänsalo, H. Kiviniemi, and T. Siniluoto, “Percutaneous aspiration and alcohol sclerotherapy for symptomatic hepatic cysts. An alternative to surgical intervention,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 210, no. 2, pp. 208–215, 1989.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Montorsi, G. Torzilli, U. Fumagalli et al., “Percutaneous alcohol sclerotherapy of simple hepatic cysts. Results from a multicentre survey in Italy,” HPB Surgery, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 89–94, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. B. Larssen, K. Rosendahl, A. Horn, D. K. Jensen, and J. Rørvik, “Single-session alcohol sclerotherapy in symptomatic benign hepatic cysts performed with a time of exposure to alcohol of 10 min: initial results,” European Radiology, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2627–2632, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. F. Yang, H. L. Liang, H. B. Pan et al., “Single-session prolonged alcohol-retention sclerotherapy for large hepatic cysts,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 187, pp. 940–943, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Zerem, G. Imamovíc, and S. Omerovíc, “Symptomatic simple renal cyst: comparison of continuous negative-pressure catheter drainage and single-session alcohol sclerotherapy,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 190, no. 5, pp. 1193–1197, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-H. Lin, H.-B. Pan, H.-L. Liang et al., “Single-session alcohol-retention sclerotherapy for simple renal cysts: comparison of 2- and 4-hr retention techniques,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 185, no. 4, pp. 860–866, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. S. Cho, H. S. Ahn, S. I. Kim et al., “Sclerotherapy of renal cysts using acetic acid: a comparison with ethanol sclerotherapy,” British Journal of Radiology, vol. 81, no. 972, pp. 946–949, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yoshida, M. Onda, T. Tajiri et al., “Long-term results of multiple minocycline hydrochloride injections for the treatment of symptomatic solitary hepatic cyst,” Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 595–598, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2015 V. D. Souftas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

4677

Downloads

1317

Citations