Diet across the Lifespan and the Association with Breast Density in Adulthood

Table 7

Studies of selected nutrients in adulthood and breast density.

Author, year	Study population, (𝑛)	Design	Age	Foods/nutrients of interest	Dietary assessment	Outcome	Major significant results	Adjustments
Bérubé et al. 2008 [34]	Premenopausal women: n = 777; Postmenopausal women: n = 783; (Canada)	CS	Premenopausal: 47 y Postmenopausal: 60 y	MVMM supplements	161-item FFQ	PBD: (Mammogram: computer-assisted method)	Premenopausal women: current users (45%, SE: 1.64%), past (42.9%, SE: 1.28%), never users; (40.2% SE: 1.05%)	Age, education, BMI, age at menarche, number of full-term pregnancies, age at first full-term pregnancy, duration of OC and HRT, smoking status, PA, family hx of BC in first degree relative, personal hx of breast biopsy, chronic illness, mean energy, alcohol, vitamin and mineral supplements, following special diet, dietary vitamin D and calcium intake, season of mammography
Brisson et al. 1989 [30]; (also in Table 5)	CNBSS—newly diagnosed BC patients; Cases: n = 290; Controls: n = 645  Total n = 935; (Canada)	CC	40–62 y	Several dietary factors, especially vitamin A	114-item FFQ + additional questions on vitamin A	Wolfe classification (high risk: P2 + DY; low risk: N1 + P1)  (Mammogram: visual estimation)	Controls (Total Densities): Carotenoids𝑄4versus𝑄1: 38.2% versus 43.6%, β = −392; (SE = 171); Fiber𝑄4versus𝑄1: 37.9% versus 43.0%, β = −1.02; (SE = 0.41)	Age, bodyweight, parity, education, energy
Masala et al. 2006 [24]; (also in Tables 3, 4, and 5)	Mediterranean Population—Florence section of EPIC; n = 1,668; (Italy)	CS	Pre-, post-, and peri-menopausal women	Several dietary factors	160-item validated FFQ	Wolfe classification (P2 + DY versus N1 + P1) and semi-quantitative method	All Women: P2 + DY versus N1 + P1: Vegetables: ORT3 versus T1 = 0.66 (95% CI:0.50–0.88); Cheese: ORT3 versus T1: 0.73 (95% CI: 0.55–0.99); β-carotene ORT3 versus T1 = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.53–0.94), Vitamin C ORT3 versus T1 = 0.75 (95% CI: 0.56–0.99); Potassium ORT3 versus T1 = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.48–1.00, 𝑃-trend = 0.05), Tomato sauce: ORT3 versus T1 = 1.34 (95% CI: 1.01−1.77); Premenopausal women at enrollment (n = 491): High consumption of cheese: ORQ4 versus Q1 0.44 (95% CI: 0.23–0.84)	Age, education, BMI, menopausal status, total energy(log), each food separately (tertiles)
Nagata et al. 2005 [31]; (also in Table 5)	Japanese women; n = 601; (Japan, Asian)	CS	Premenopausal women: 42.6 y; Postmenopausal women: 57.8 y	Protein, dietary fiber, and soy isoflavones	169-item validated FFQ	PBD (mammogram: fully automated method)	Postmenopausal women: protein: Q4 versus Q1 = 13.9% (95% CI: 10.4–18.0%) versus 6.7% (95% CI: 3.6–10.7%; CHO: Q4 versus Q1 = 9.6% (95% CI: 6.5–13.2) versus 15.6%; (95% CI: 11.1–20.9%)	Age, BMI, smoking status, number of births, and hx of breast feeding for premenopausal women and for age, BMI, number of births, education, age at menopause; nutrient intakes were adjusted for total energy.
Nordevang et al. 1993 [25]; (also in Tables 3 and 5)	BC patients (stage I-II); n = 238; (Sweden)	CS	57.5 y	Various nutrients	Dietary history interview within 4 months of BC diagnosis	Wolfe classification (N1 + P1 versus; P2 + Dy)	Premenopausal women: P2 + Dy versus N1 + P1: CHO: (40.41 versus 47.37% E); Fiber (19.05 versus 26.09 mg/10 MJ), Carotene (3.80 versus 5.62 mg/MJ)	BMI, age, ER status
Sala et al. 2000 [29]; (also in Tables 4, 5 and 9)	EPIC-Norfolk; cases: P2/DY; controls: N1/P1; (n = 203 cases and n= 203 controls)(UK)	NCC	Cases and controls: 59 y	Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, vegetables, cereals and breads, fruits, red meat, white meat, total meat, milk, dairy products, fish.	7-day food record	Wolfe patterns: (high risk: P2 and DY; low risk: N1 and P1)	All women: protein: OROR T3 versus T1 = 2.00 (95%CI:1.06–3.77)**; total CHO: OROR T3 versus T1 = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.03–3.59)**; Postmenopausal women: Protein: (OROR T3 versus T1-= 2.20, 1.04–4.63, P = 0.03)**, Total CHO: (OROR T3 versus T1 = 2.22, 1.02–4.79)**, Total meat intake: (OROR T3 versus T1 = 2.50, 1.09 = 5.69)**	*Unadjusted; **Menopausal status, parity, HRT, BMI
Tseng et al. 2007 [27]; (also in Table 3, 4, and 5)	At 1st degree or 2nd degree relative with BC or ovarian cancer n = 157; (US, NH-White)	CS	50 y	Calories, cholesterol, protein, animal protein, carbs, dietary fiber, carotene, folate, vitamin E, meats, fruits, vegetables, tofu.	126 item FFQ	PBD: BIRADS	Women who do not have hereditary cancer patterns: protein (OR: 3.0 (95% CI: 1.3–6.9)) and animal protein (OR: 4.3 (95% CI: 1.8–10.3)	Age, BMI, energy, age at menarche, menopausal status, hx of HRT, family hx category.
Tseng et al. 2011 [16]; (also in Table 2)	Chinese-American immigrant women; n = 201; (US, Asian)	CS	53.1 y	Red meat	88-item FFQ	PBD: BIRADS	Null	Age, level of acculturation, BMI, combined variable representing # of live births and age at first live birth, adult weekly frequency of dairy food intake
Qureshi et al. 2011 [32] (also in Table 5)	NBCSP; n = 2,252; Postmenopausal women; (Norway)	CS	58 y	Various nutrients and vitamins	180-item FFQ	PBD and AD (mammogram: computer-assisted method)	PBD: Saturated fatQ4 versus Q1: 19.7 (95% CI: 18.7–20.7%) versus 17.0 (95% CI: 15.6–18.3, P-trend = 0.06)	Age at mammography, y of education, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, age at first full-term pregnancy for parous women, HRT, BMI, total energy
Vachon et al. 2000 [9]; (also in Tables 3, 4, and 5)	MBCFCS; n = 1508; (US, NH-White)	CS	61.4 y	Vitamin A, retinol, carotene, crude and dietary fiber, total carbohydrates, cholesterol, B12, folate, vitamins C, E, total protein, total energy	153-item FFQ	PBD (mammogram: visual estimation)	Premenopausal women: vit E: Q4 versus Q1: 42% (95% CI: 36–47%) versus 38% (95% CI: 33–46%, P trend = 0.05); total dairy intake: T3 versus T1 = 38% (95% CI = 32–44%) versus 44% (95% CI: 37–51%); Postmenopausal women: Vit B12 (sup only): Q4 versus Q1: 34% (95% CI: 31–36%) versus 32% (95% CI: 30–34%, P trend = 0.05)	Energy intake, age, BMI, WHR, PA, age at menarche, age at first birth and number of births (combined), alcohol smoking, family hx of BC, HRT (all and postmenopausal women) and OC use (premenopausal women)