Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract Improves Insulin Production but Enhances Bax Protein Expression in Cafeteria-Treated Male Rats

Table 1

Effects of the cafeteria diet and GSPE treatment on plasmatic glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β index. **𝑃 ≤ 0.01, ***𝑃 ≤ 0.001, and ^#𝑃 ≤ 0.1 for cafeteria diet versus standard diet. ^‡𝑃 ≤ 0.05 and ^†𝑃 ≤ 0.1 for cafeteria + GSPE versus cafeteria + vehicle.

	Standard diet	Cafeteria diet	Cafeteria + vehicle	Cafeteria + GSPE
Glucose (mM)	4.13 ± 0.2	4.49 ± 0.3	4.76 ± 0.2	4.88 ± 0.2
Insulin (ng/mL)	1.23 ± 0.1	2.47 ± 0.2***	2.78 ± 0.2	1.80 ± 0.3^‡
Insulin/Glucose	6.02 ± 0.6	12.40 ± 1.6**	13.25 ± 0.7	8.39 ± 1.2^‡
HOMA-IR	4.97 ± 0.5	10.75 ± 1.0***	14.66 ± 2.8	8.37 ± 1.2^†
HOMA-β	609.45 ± 93.4	1508.98 ± 388.9^#	1084.1 ± 13.7	750.58 ± 121.2^‡