Zero-Offset VSP Monitoring of CO₂ Storage: Impedance Inversion and Wedge Modelling at the Ketzin Pilot Site

Figure 4

Zero-offset VSP vertical component, raw data (left column), and processed data after removal of downgoing waves, horizontal alignment, and enhancement of upgoing waves (right column). The measured baseline, measured repeat, modelled baseline, and modelled repeat data are shown from top to bottom. Reflections from an anhydrite layer (Figure 3, ~550 m below ground level), labelled K2, are marked by red lines and the depth of the reservoir is indicated by the blue circle. The blue polygons denote the corridor mute window.